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Rehabilitation robotics
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Michelle J. Johnson, Rochelle Mendonca
Cerebral palsy is a group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood that affect body movement and muscle coordination caused by damage to the brain. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 2.9 in 1000 children worldwide have cerebral palsy (Dan and Paneth 2017). Symptoms can vary depending upon the part of the brain that is injured. Typical presentation includes problems with movement and posture, intellectual disability, seizures, impaired vision or hearing, and speech and language difficulties (Krigger 2006).
Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Cerebral Palsy is not a distinct disease; symptoms and physical limitations of CP vary widely from patient to patient. CP is due to brain injury from anoxia, infection, or other brain insult occurring from the prenatal period up to two years of age. Muscle spasms and dystonia are frequent features. Although in normal subjects, muscle tension and spasm create local heat that may be visualized thermographically, the areas affected by CP appear cool. This is especially apparent in patients with hemiplegic-type CP, where the affected side appears cooler that the contralateral side; this temperature difference increases when the subject is exercised. This increased temperature difference is due to decreased temperature over the affected muscles on the hemiplegic side.85 Thermography of horse-riding therapy provided to teenagers with CP shows that this skin-cooling effect occurs in both markedly affected legs as well as in the more normal contralateral leg, indicating a CNS or spinal cord etiology in some cases. Simulated horseback riding exacerbates this decreased temperature finding.86 More research into this paradoxical thermal cooling may improve therapy for patients with CP.
Emerging Perspectives of Virtual Reality Techniques
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Virtual Reality in Health and Rehabilitation, 2020
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, and posture caused by damage that occurs to the immature brain as it develops, most often before birth (Mayo Clinic, 2020). The clinical presentation of CP varies widely and may impact motor function in some or all areas of the body resulting in mild to severe functional limitations. The appeal of VR may be particularly useful in the rehabilitation of a disorder involving children and young adults. To investigate the effect of VR therapy on balance and walking in children with CP, Warnier et al. (2019) included 26 articles with meta-analyses and showed a significant result in favor of VR therapy for balance (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.14–1.63]) and for walking (SMD = 3.10, 95% CI [0.78–5.35]). They concluded that VR therapy seems promising as an intervention for rehabilitation in children with CP. However, these results must be interpreted with caution due to differences in the interventions used, the lack of RCTs, and the relatively small groups.
Evaluation of the electro-dress Mollii® to affect spasticity and motor function in children with cerebral palsy: Seven experimental single-case studies with an ABAB design
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Marina Arkkukangas, Jenny Hedberg Graff, Eva Denison
Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by damage to the immature brain and is the most common cause of motor disability in children (Rosenbaum et al., 2007). The prevalence of CP varies among countries; however, it is reported to be approximately 2–4 per 1,000 live births (Boyle et al., 2011). There are different subtypes of CP, based on the extent of damage, which can be classified as bilateral or unilateral, according to the dominant symptoms, as follows: spastic, dyskinetic, or ataxic. Approximately 80% of patients have a spastic CP subtype (Westbom et al., 2007). Other common secondary symptoms resulting from CP include a restricted range of motion (ROM), pain, sleep, and difficulty performing movements, such as gait and upper limb activity, which is a common problem among patients with CP (Rosenbaum et al., 2007). Further, it has been suggested that treatments for the prevention of contractures should be initiated early considering that ROM seems to decrease over time, leading to movement restriction, which in turn results in a lower level of functioning and eventually a decreased quality of life (Casey et al., 2021; Jarl et al., 2019).
Plasma bisphenol a and phthalate levels in children with cerebral palsy: a case-control study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Özlem Tezol, Sıddıka Songül Yalçin, Anıl Yirün, Aylin Balci Özyurt, Çetin Okuyaz, Pınar Erkekoğlu
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, which is attributed to non-progressive disturbances occurring in the developing fetal or infant brain. CP is the most common motor disability of childhood with prevalence estimates ranging from two to three per 1000 live births. The course of CP entails permanent and non-progressive clinical findings (Vitrikas et al. 2020). The healthcare management of children with CP is focused on the treatment of spasticity; the improvement of movement, balance, and nutrition; and therapy for other associated conditions (Graham et al. 2019; Vitrikas et al. 2020). However, the environmental health of children with CP has not yet been prioritized. To date, few studies have evaluated environmental exposures among children with CP. Previously, higher lead levels among the children with CP vs. controls were reported and that might be due to abnormal eating habits and increased lead absorption due to micronutrient deficiencies (Kumar 1998; Bansal et al. 2017). Vandal et al. (2018) showed high salivary lead concentrations in children with CP compared to healthy children.
Effects of adjustments to wheelchair seat to back support angle on head, neck, and shoulder postures in subjects with cerebral palsy
Published in Assistive Technology, 2021
Afnan M. Alkhateeb, Noha S. Daher, Bonnie J. Forrester, Bradford D. Martin, Hatem M. Jaber
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive neurological condition that is caused by a damage or lesion to the brain of the fetus, infant, or young child (Sandström, 2009). It can develop during pregnancy, at birth, or even post-partum (Sandström, 2009). The condition is considered as one of the most common motor disabilities in childhood with an estimated prevalence ranging from 1.5 to more than 4 per 1,000 live births or children (Arneson, Durkin, Benedict, Kirby, Yeargin-Allsopp, Van Naarden Braun, & Doernberg, 2009). CP usually leads to different neuromuscular and musculoskeletal complications including spasticity, dystonia, hyptonia/atonia, contractures, atypical bone growth, poor balance, lack of specific motor control, and bony deformities (Liao, Yang, Hsu, Chan, & Wei, 2003; Papavasiliou, 2009). The symptoms of CP vary from mild to severe and can involve disruption of muscle tone and control leading to abnormal movements and permanence of primitive reflexes (McNamara & Casey, 2007).