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Omics Approach to Understanding Microbial Diversity
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Shilpee Pal, Arijit Jana, Keshab Chandra Mondal, Suman Kumar Halder
Microbial diversity reflects the heterogeneity of microorganisms present in the environment. Among living organisms, the highest diversity found among microbes, the oldest inhabitant of this planet. Depending upon the relative richness and niche adaptability, a widespread variability observed among genetically different groups such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and viruses. Generally, microbes are well known for their pathogenic behavior on the globe. Apart from playing the role of a villain against human and animal health, microbes also play indispensable roles in ecological processes. Moreover, not all microorganisms that interact with human or animal body are pathogenic. Host-associated nonpathogenic microorganisms can modulate the immune response of their host and thus can resist the establishment of pathogenic consequences. They also participate in the synthesis of essential amino acids and vitamins as well as help in toxin degradation within their hosts (Khoroshkin et al., 2016; LeBlanc et al., 2017). Not only living organisms, but the microbial community is also associated with environmental quality, that is, the physical and chemical properties of an environment. There is a dependent relationship between microbial diversity and the environment. Microbial growth ecology creates significant variations among metabolic networks of its inhabitants and allows them to generate their species variations.
Advances in Nanonutraceuticals: Indian Scenario
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Amthul Azeez, Mubeen Sultana, Lucky, Noorjahan
Certain fibrous, dietary foods are considered to be probiotic, as these fibrous foods initiate the multiplication of certain, host microbes, which are beneficial to the host, as they help in the digestion of fibrous food and aid in the good maintenance of the digestive tract. These are abundantly found in soybeans, raw oats, breast milk, etc. Prebiotics, apart from maintaining the gut health is known to aid in the clearance of cholesterol, prevention of constipation and minimise the risk of obesity, these prebiotics, also known to be antioxidant, anti-cancerous agents, thereby protecting colon and other organs, from cancerous damage and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Another group of nonpathogenic microorganisms is known as probiotics. These promote host health if used appropriately in a regular diet or also as dietary supplements (Ravindran et al. 2015). They occur in natural environments, in various foods, and also in gut microbiota. The majority of probiotics are present as gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp., yeast species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These probiotics can efficiently attach to the gut epithelium and eliminate pathogenic microbes, thereby ensuring healthy immune progression. Beneficial effects of probiotics upon human health include that they are quite efficient as anticancer (Lidia et al. 2019), antiallergic (Chen et al. 2018) and anti-diabetic (Koh et al. 2018) agents. They are also known for their antiobesity (Choi et al. 2019), antipathogenic (Hsu et al. 2018) and anti-inflammatory effects (Rocha-Ramirez et al. 2020).
Kinetics of Heat Inactivation
Published in Roger T. Haug, of Compost Engineering, 2018
The issue of potential regrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, is addressed by requiring that stabilization be accomplished with or after the pathogen reduction. The reasons for this is that many nonpathogenic bacteria are also destroyed under the time/temperature conditions necessary to destroy the pathogens. The nonpathogenic bacteria normally act as competitors with pathogenic bacteria and help prevent regrowth. If they are absent, explosive regrowth can occur.5 When stabilization occurs simultaneously with or shortly after pathogen reduction, explosive regrowth is prevented. Composting accomplishes both stabilization and heat inactivation within the same process, and an active bacterial population is always maintained. Therefore, the potential for regrowth is greatly reduced.
Inhibitory effects of intact silkworm sericin on bacterial proliferation
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Erica Matsumoto, Keiko Takaki, Rina Maruta, Hajime Mori, Eiji Kotani
It is well known that symbiotic microbes exist in and on the human body, including skin, forming nonpathogenic microbiota to prevent the entrance of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. S. aureus is a common bacterium on human skin, but it can also cause serious invasive infections, such as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, or endocarditis, whereas certain strains of S. aureus produce a peptide that inhibits the growth of other S. aureus strains (Cogen et al., 2008). Common bacteria on human skin can have both harmful and beneficial effects. Therefore, by using a chemical substance with strong antimicrobial activity, severe disruption of the skin microbiota can cause the loss of this protectant skin barrier against infectious diseases. Sericin is known to have appropriate properties that could be exploited to develop cosmetic products. It is also possible that sericins would be a biomaterial applied to human skin in the form of processed substances, like sheets or gels. In the present study, we have revealed the growth-inhibitory activity of intact sericin against E.coli and S. enterica, although the detailed mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Further functional analysis of the effects of sericin on proliferation of bacteria on the human skin will be necessary to achieve a deeper understanding of its control of microorganisms on human skin. This will allow us to expand the use of sericins and to provide an effective application of sericultural technologies in textile industrial fields.
Expression, purification, crystallization, and diffraction analysis of a selenomethionyl lipase Lip8 from Yarrowia lipolytica
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Sheng Jun, Ji XiaoFeng, Zheng Yuan, Sun Mi
The ascomycetous Yarrowia lipolytica is one of the most extensively studied nonconventional yeasts. It has been calling the interest of researchers due to three aspects (i) it is nonpathogenic and generally regarded as a biosafety class I micro-organism. Production of substances toxic in humans or animals by Y. lipolytica was not reported so far,[1,2] (ii) Y. lipolytica is not only a high-quality single-cell protein source for livestock feeding but also a good production host for organic acids, such as citric acid, fatty acid, which can be widely used in food making, beverage industry and pharmaceutical areas,[345] (iii) Y. lipolytica is capable of producing various types of industrial proteins and enzymes, including acid or alkaline proteases, lipases, and Rnase; it has been considered as a model micro-organism for the study of protein secretion.[678]
Review of the potential application of bacteria in self-healing and the improving properties of concrete/mortar
Published in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2021
Parya Dinarvand, Alireza Rashno
The ease of direct introduction of bacteria into the concrete is more than other methods because in this method the bacteria is ready for use in the concrete after the culture process, while other methods require a complex process to prepare the bacteria. To ensure safety, the microorganism used must be non-pathogenic so as not to increase disease in species in the environment. Bacillus species is completely harmless to humans and is suitable for use in bacterial concrete [63].