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The Human Microbiome: How Our Health is Impacted by Microorganisms
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
The bacteria in the intestinal tract of healthy individuals are combined at a certain proportion, and each bacterium is mutually restricted and interdependent, maintaining a certain amount and proportion of ecological balance. Once the internal and external environments change, the ecological balance is destroyed. This happens due to frailty, critical illness, immunosuppressive therapy and (radio)-chemotherapy, and applies particularly to patients with long-term extensive use of antibiotics.74 Intestinal beneficial bacteria are inhibited, pathogenic bacteria grow, causing dysbacteriosis and often showing symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. Consequently, the human large gut microbiota has evolved into a vital “organ” that is inextricably linked to the human body through long-term co-evolution with the host. The gut microbiota “organ” performs a variety of functions, including substance metabolism, biological barriers, immune regulation, and host defenses. Gut microbes not only help the body absorb nutrients from food, but also synthesize amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc. They can metabolize the produced toxins to reduce the toxicity to the human body. Different eating habits and lifestyles have a great influence on the type of human intestinal microflora. For example, a high-fat diet can lead to reduction or even disappearance of beneficial bifidobacteria. There is a mutually beneficial relationship between the intestinal microbes and the human body. Our gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health.75
Ice Cream as Probiotic Food and Its Potential Benefits in Human Health
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Tatiana Colombo Pimentel, Michele Rosset, Suellen Jensen Klososki, Carlos Eduardo Barão, Vanessa Aparecida Marcolino, Vanessa Guimarães, Alves Olher, Adriano Gomes Da Cruz
Probiotic cultures are viable microorganisms generally belongs to the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. Few strains can replace the intestinal microbiota, which has been altered in some way by antibiotic, chemotherapeutic or any other stress (Tannock, 1998), thus promoting health, but not the cure of the diseases. The selected strains should be safe, stable, and metabolically active to ensure positive effects to the host (Havenaar et al., 1992). The daily intake of approximately 108–109 viable cells of these microorganisms is sufficient to provide benefits, therefore, the consumption of 100 g of a product with 106–107 cfu/g is sufficient (Lee and Salminen, 1995; Soukoulis et al., 2014).
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
The composition of gut microbiota can modify gut barrier and affects the regulation of energy metabolism and adipose tissue proliferation. Several metabolic dysregulations that may lead to inflammation of the brain, liver and intestine have been traced to the gut microbiota (Geurts et al., 2014). With the use of prebiotics, these can be corrected since prebiotics have the ability to depress endogenous pathogens found within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This will increase the competency of immune system to resist microorganisms from external sources (De Sousa et al., 2011). The roles which prebiotics play to modulate the human gut microbiota and attenuate several disease conditions are well documented (De Sousa et al., 2011).
Effects of 24-week prebiotic intervention on self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immunity in elite rugby union players.
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
C. Parker, K.A. Hunter, M.A. Johnson, G.R. Sharpe, G.R. Gibson, G.E. Walton, C. Poveda, B. Cousins, N.C. Williams
The profile, genetic material, and functional activity of the gut microbial community (the gut microbiome) have a substantial influence on systemic immunity (Roberfroid et al., 2010). Manipulation of the gut microbiome is possible through dietary intervention, most commonly through pro- or prebiotic dietary supplements. This may provide a potential strategy to help reduce URS and GIS in team sport athletes. Probiotic supplementation has been shown to reduce URS incidence in active runners (Cox et al., 2010; Gleeson et al., 2011; Strasser et al., 2016). This improvement was attributed to better maintenance of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) (Gleeson et al., 2011), an antibody which provides the initial barrier of defence against invading pathogens. Furthermore, a recent 2022 update to a Cochrane meta-analysis concluded that probiotics reduced the number and duration of URS episodes in adults and children (Zhao et al., 2022). Similarly in elite rugby union, the use of a multi-strain probiotic showed a trend for ∼2 day reduction in the duration of URS (Haywood et al., 2014). Currently, the variety of probiotic strains used across different studies creates uncertainty as to which may be most beneficial for athlete health.
Altered gut microbiota richness in individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprain
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Masafumi Terada, Masataka Uchida, Tadashi Suga, Tadao Isaka
Based on our findings, gut microbiota is a potential target for future clinical interventions for a LAS. Gut microbiota can be modifiable with therapeutic interventions, including diet, probiotic supplementation, lifestyle change, exercises, and faecal microbiota transplantation (Arora et al., 2021; D’Amato et al., 2020; Du et al., 2021; Gubert et al., 2020; Lew et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021; Tillisch et al., 2013). Recently, intervention strategies for a LAS have focused on addressing changes in CNS plasticity and neurocognitive function to improve patient outcomes (Bruce et al., 2020; Mohammadi et al., 2021). Human and animal studies have reported that diet-based intervention and faecal microbiota transplantation have been effective in improving CNS function and restoring the balance of gut-brain axis (D’Amato et al., 2020; Du et al., 2021; Lew et al., 2019; Tillisch et al., 2013). Modulation of gut microbiota diversity through clinical interventions may become a future novel approach for the treatment of a LAS to restore CNS function and control inflammatory response to injury. It remains unknown what clinical interventions for patients with a LAS would be most effective in modulating gut microbiota and if modulation of gut microbiota can improve patient outcomes. Clinical intervention trials are required to evaluate microbiota-based interventions as an effective as an adjunct with current managements for a LAS.
Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Jessica H. Hartman, Samuel J. Widmayer, Christina M. Bergemann, Dillon E. King, Katherine S. Morton, Riccardo F. Romersi, Laura E. Jameson, Maxwell C. K. Leung, Erik C. Andersen, Stefan Taubert, Joel N. Meyer
The gut microbiome is a complex mixture of microorganisms (Koontz et al. 2019). Changes and alterations to the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with several diseases, including irritable bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders in humans (Scotti et al. 2017). Recently, more research attempted to elucidate the complex interactions between host and the associated gut microbiome. This theme has also increased in toxicology research with many review papers emphasizing the importance and significance of understanding the role of the gut microbiome in toxicology (Claus, Guillou, and Ellero-Simatos 2016; Koontz et al. 2019; Koppel, Maini Rekdal, and Balskus 2017; Mesnage et al. 2018; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018; Pryor et al. 2019).