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Occupational medicine - interface with toxicology
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Occupational physicians should be aware that many factors could predispose to ill effects from chemicals, including the following: Allergy to chemicals; in many cases, this allergy is increased with repeated exposures (e.g. latex or nickel allergy).Hereditary or constitutional deficiencies; for example, glucose-6-phosphate deficiency, a hereditary enzyme defect, predisposes red blood cells to haemolysis, and may therefore aggravate the damage from chemical haemolysins (e.g. arsine).Pre-existing organ-system damage; for example liver damage from viral hepatitis or ethyl alcohol increases the ill effect from other hepatotoxicants, such as some of the chlorinated solvents.
Problematic Risk Assessments for Drinking Water Contaminants: Selenium, Aldicarb, and Nickel
Published in Rhoda G.M. Wang, Water Contamination and Health, 2020
Susan F. Velazquez, Kenneth A. Poirier
Chronic dermatitis, especially of the hands, is the most prevalent effect of nickel in the general population. The North American Contact Dermatitis Group found that 11% of 1200 patients were sensitive to nickel sulfate applied as a 2.5% solution in a dermal patch test (48). Peltonen (49) and Prystowsky et al. (50) surveyed subjects more representative of the general population and concluded that 1.5-5% of the population is sensitive to nickel, the prevalence being much higher in females. Menne et al. determined the frequency of nickel allergy in a sample of Danish women from the general population as 14.5% (51). Of the allergic women, 57% experienced hand eczema.
Nickel release from metal items in contact with skin: a comparison of methods and practical implications for regulation in Europe
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Pia Blaser, Boris Rothmund, Peter Schmid, Reto Stadler, Claudius Gemperle, Gregor McCombie
Nickel is the most common contact allergen, with 15–20% of women suffering from nickel allergy; a frequency 3–10 times higher than in men.[1] This is believed to be due, in large, to the higher exposure of women and girls to nickel releasing articles with direct skin contact such as jewelry. Nickel allergy also affects many children. The best way to reduce the widespread occurrence, is prevention of sensitization to nickel by identifying nickel releasing items and making sure they do not come in contact with skin.[2] The population should, therefore, be protected from nickel-releasing objects.[3]
Prevention of nickel release from electroplated articles in the context of allergic contact dermatitis: further outcomes
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2018
Nickel released from decorative electroplated articles can cause ACD, appearing as a rash, itch, redness or dry skin in nickel-sensitised persons. Often called Nickel Allergy, this happens when some nickel-containing items are in direct and prolonged contact with the skin, causing the immune system to become nickel-sensitised should sufficient nickel ions be absorbed through the skin repeatedly in the same area. Once affected, further exposure to nickel ions can cause nickel-allergic reactions and while the symptoms will dissipate after removal of the source, ACD can reoccur with further exposure to nickel ions. The outcome may vary markedly from one individual to another.
‘Nickel Allergy’ arising from decorative nickel plated and alloyed articles: prevention at source
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2019
Recent papers on the allergenic effects of nickel were published in this journal by Whittington et al.1 in 2015, Gabe and Larson2 in 2017 and Whittington and Lo3 in 2018, where the following was reported: Decorative nickel-containing articles may release nickel ions when in direct and prolonged contact with skin, causing the immune system to become nickel-sensitised if sufficient nickel ions are absorbed through the skin repeatedly in the same area. This can cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), appearing as a rash, itch, redness or dry skin in nickel-sensitised persons, often referred to as ‘Nickel Allergy’.Once affected, further exposure to nickel ions can cause repeated nickel-allergic reactions, although the symptoms will dissipate after removal of the source and the outcome may vary greatly from one individual to another.Non-occupational sensitisation sometimes occurs when skin is in contact with nickel-plated haberdashery items such as clothing hooks, clasps and zippers, and may also arise from costume jewellery and body piercing. In 1994, the EU issued the ‘Nickel Directive’ as a regulatory control that places limits on the amount of nickel released from articles intended to come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin. This was subsumed into the EU Commission’s Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), Annex XV11, Item 27 in 2007, the relevant part of which is reproduced in an earlier paper.1