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Environmental Electromagnetic Energy and Public Health
Published in Andrew A. Marino, Modern Bioelectricity, 2020
In 1936, Selye reported a syndrome in rats produced following exposure to acute agents including cold, surgical injury, muscular exercise, and various injected substances (108). The syndrome consisted of an enlarged adrenal cortex, shrunken thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, and the appearance of stomach ulcers. He subsequently found that many other acute stimuli produced the syndrome, that it occurred in many species including man, that there existed many other biochemical and physiological indices of the syndrome, and that it was mediated primarily by the anterior pituitary and the adrenal cortex (109). Selye described the syndrome as being a normal physiological response when it was initiated by tolerable levels of the stimuli, but as a pathological process when either the stimulus intensity was too high, or when the organism itself was unable to exhibit a normal response. In these latter cases, diseases of adaption could develop (hypertension, nephrosclerosis, periarteritis nodosa, for example). Selye originally employed the term “stress” as a synonym for the external stimuli or noxious agents, or injected substances that were observed to elicit the syndrome (109,110). Subsequently, he employed the term “stressor” for the external factor, and defined stress in terms of the response of the organism (111). Considered as an internal state variable of the organism, Selye, like Cannon, could provide no means to measure stress, nor even to define it uniquely.
Toxic Responses of the Cardiovascular System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
As indicated above, small vessel disease as an occupational or environmental hazard is usually discussed in relationship to the specific organ affected. Thus, nephrosclerosis which is present in at least 90% of people with essential hypertension is better discussed with renal disease. One form of peripheral vascular disease that appears to be clearly related to occupation is so-called “white finger” disease accompanied by Raynaud’s phenomenon in individuals who have significant vibrational trauma to the hands such as jackhammer users.
Environmental impact on the onset of hypertension-induced end-stage renal disease
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Kavitha Anbarasu, Vinod Kumar Verma, Syed Sultan Beevi, Velagala Satti Reddy
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is a chronic renal disease associated with indispensable hypertension. A population-based study calculated end-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence at 152 per million populations and diabetic kidney disease as the most common cause of ESRD (Jha 2013). However, according to the latest report, hypertensive nephrosclerosis has moved up to the fourth position in terms of diagnostic frequency cited as causing ESRD in chronic dialysis patients (Rajapurkar et al. 2012). Renal damage represents a common event in the course of hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and the relative risk of developing ESRD is increased up to 20 times in hypertensive patients (Klag et al. 1996). However, the lack of association between hypertension control and progression to ESRD suggests that mechanisms responsible for varied susceptibility among human population could be pointed toward complex interaction among elevated blood pressure (BP), altered paracrine and endocrine factors, genetic factors or the presence of underlying renal disease (Luft 2000). Involvement of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephrosclerosis has also been proposed (Luke 1999).