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Hypertension and Correlation to Cerebrovascular Change: A Brief Overview
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Heba Kandil, Dawn Sosnin, Ali Mahmoud, Ahmed Shalaby, Ahmed Soliman, Adel Elmaghraby, Jasjit S. Suri, Guruprasad Giridharan, Ayman El-Baz
Hypertension can be classified as primary (or essential or idiopathic), secondary, accelerated, hypertension urgency, or as malignant hypertension. Essential hypertension develops over years, even decades, with no single identified lifestyle or genetic cause. Approximately 90–95% of patients diagnosed with hypertension are classified as primary hypertension [1]. Secondary hypertension is a secondary disease which can develop due to conditions including adrenal and thyroid problems, obstructive sleep apnea, drugs and medications, chronic alcohol abuse, etc. [2]. An example of secondary hypertension is renal (or renovascular) hypertension, where hormones released by the kidneys increase blood pressure throughout the systemic circulation in response to narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys. Accelerated hypertension (recent significant increase) and malignant hypertension are hypertensive emergencies, defined as high blood pressure (typically ≥180/≥120) with acute impairment of one or more organ systems. Diagnosis of malignant hypertension requires the presence of papilledema, or in the absence of stage III or IV retinopathy, damage to a minimum of three target organs [3]. Hypertensive urgency is severely elevated blood pressure with no organ damage.
Cardiovascular system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
The more common causes of secondary hypertension include:Renal artery stenosisChronic renal failureEndocrine disorders, such as phaeochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism and Cushing syndrome; for notes on imaging of endocrine disorders, please see Chapter 12.
Arsenic, cadmium, and mercury-induced hypertension: mechanisms and epidemiological findings
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Airton da Cunha Martins, Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro, Denise Grotto, Joseph A Adeyemi, Fernando Barbosa
Hypertension is a cardiovascular disease in which blood pressure levels are increased (Chobanian et al. 2003). This illness is an important public health problem affecting approximately 1 billion individuals globally, with more than 9.4 million deaths per year (Chobanian et al. 2003; JNC 7 Express 2003; WHO 2013). Hypertension is a multifactorial condition that involves environmental factors such as excessive body weight, dietary sodium intake, and excessive alcohol consumption as well as genetics (Mancia et al. 2007). Furthermore, hypertension is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular events such as cardiovascular accidents (Chobanian et al. 2003; Mancia et al. 2007). The condition may be classified as primary (essential) or secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension, which is responsible for approximately 95% of all cases, is a heterogeneous disorder with patients exhibiting different and no obvious apparent causal factors (Carretero and Oparil 2000). According to Messner and Bernhard (2010), there is an urgent need to search for and define new risk factors for cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. Exposure to toxic elements, such as As, Cd, and Hg, was reported to be associated with increased blood pressure levels (Satarug et al. 2005; Swaddiwudhipong et al. 2010; Valera, Dewailly, and Poirier 2009). Although the number of studies considering the association between toxic elements and hypertension development is growing, data on mechanisms underlying this disorder are scarce. In addition, the mechanisms involved are not completely elucidated and inconsistencies among studies were reported.
Influence of renal artery stenosis morphology on hemodynamics
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Zhuxiang Xiong, Ding Yuan, Jiarong Wang, Tinghui Zheng, Yubo Fan
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a major cause of secondary hypertension and can lead to drug-resistant (refractory) hypertension, a progressive decline in renal function, and cardiac instability syndromes (pulmonary edema, recurrent heart failure, or acute coronary syndromes) (Gupta et al. 2019; Prince et al. 2019), despite directed drug therapy. Therefore, timely and effective diagnosis and treatment of RAS are considerably very important.
Baroreflex activation therapy systems: current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Gino Seravalle, Raffaella Dell’Oro, Guido Grassi
The main pathophysiological conditions related to this impairment include an increase in blood pressure values (essential or secondary hypertension and resistant hypertension) without or with metabolic alterations (obesity and metabolic syndrome), as well as idiopathic or ischemic heart failure.