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Esterases and Their Industrial Applications
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Hamza Rafeeq, Asim Hussain, Ayesha Safdar, Sumaira Shabbir, Muhammad Bilal, Farooq Sher, Marcelo Franco, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
Hypercholesterol is distinguished by extremely elevated serum cholesterol levels and is a known risk factor for atherosclerosis and CHD in humans (Heidrich et al., 2004). In a study, it was noticed that targeting cholesterol esterase inhibitors may be helpful therapies for limiting the absorption of cholesterol (Ellidag et al., 2014). Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, representing 1% of neoplastic and 13% of hematological disorders in the USA. In patients with multiple myeloma, arylesterase functions in the controls and patients with elevated oxidative stress was found to be substantially lower (Howell et al., 2014). The degradation of cocaine in rats and defense against convulsive and fatal effects of cocaine were reported to avoid harmful cocaine effects on the central nervous system (Aïzoun et al., 2013). The function of esterases in the implementation of malaria control strategies has also been established, which assists insecticide resistance to bendiocarb in Anopheles gambiae Tanguieta. Leukocyte esterase has recently been suggested in the synovial fluid as a proxy for periprothesis joint infection (Tischler et al., 2014).
Introductory ODE Model
Published in William E. Schiesser, ODE/PDE Analysis of Multiple Myeloma, 2020
The following background statement from [1] defines the term multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes (lymph cells) are one of the main types of white blood cells in the immune system and include T cells and B cells. Lymphocytes are in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream.When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body attack and kill germs. Plasma cells, are found mainly in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones. In addition to plasma cells, normal bone marrow is also the home for other blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets.In general, when plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, this is called multiple myeloma. The plasma cells make an abnormal protein (antibody) known by several different names, including monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal protein (M-protein), M-spike, or paraprotein.
Musculoskeletal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Multiple myeloma is a common malignancy of plasma cells characterized by diffuse bone marrow infiltration or multiple nodules in bone. It occurs in elderly patients, and is rare below the age of 40. Multiple myeloma may present clinically in a number of non-specific ways including bone pain, anaemia, hypercalcaemia or renal failure. Unlike most other bone malignancies, bone scintigraphy is relatively insensitive in the detection of multiple myeloma. Radiography is therefore the investigation of choice in the detection and staging of multiple myeloma. Alternatively, whole-body MRI may be used. MRI has equal sensitivity to radiography in the detection of multiple myeloma. Common sites of involvement include spine, ribs, skull (Fig. 8.65), pelvis and long bones. Several different radiographic patterns may be seen with multiple myeloma including: Generalized severe osteoporosisMultiple lytic, punched-out defectsMultiple destructive and expansile lesions.
The impact of vinyl chloride exposure on the health of Italian workers: an evaluation from SIREP compliance data
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Alberto Scarselli, Marisa Corfiati, Davide Di Marzio, Stefania Massari, Alessandro Marinaccio, Sergio Iavicoli
The cohort of exposed workers to VCM was selected from the SIREP database, independently from the number of measurements retrieved for each sectors and occupations as done for the descriptive analysis (more than 25 measurements). The subjects linked to the ISTAT mortality archives were 3,319 men. A total of 135 deaths among VCM male exposed workers were identified in the period 2005–2015. As the ISTAT mortality database covers the whole Italian population, uncertainty about the vital status of the unmatched subjects persisted because of possible errors in the anonymized code linking the two databases. The mean age at death of the study population was 60.8 years with a standard deviation of 8.6. There was an elevated proportion of deaths for liver cancer in the group of exposed (PMR = 1.94, CI 95%=1.01–3.73) compared to the male general population, as expected. The highest increase in PMR was found for multiple myeloma (PMR = 4.26, CI 95%=1.60–11.37). Among malignant neoplasms, increased proportions of deaths were also found from mesothelioma and lung cancer. Table 4 shows the PMRs for causes of death with more than 2 cases. Average latency from the first recorded exposure was 19 years for liver cancer, 17 years for multiple myeloma, and 15 years for lung cancer. As regard the other cancer sites, the average latency ranged from 12 to 16 years.
Serum microRNA profiles among dioxin exposed veterans with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Weixin Wang, Youn K. Shim, Joel E. Michalek, Emily Barber, Layla M. Saleh, Byeong Yeob Choi, Chen-Pin Wang, Norma Ketchum, Rene Costello, Gerald E. Marti, Robert F. Vogt, Ola Landgren, Katherine R. Calvo
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is an asymptomatic premalignant disorder of clonal plasma cells that progresses to multiple myeloma or other lymphoid cancer at a rate of approximately 1% per year (Dispenzieri et al. 2010; Kyle et al. 2018). Virtually all cases of multiple myeloma (MM) are preceded by MGUS (Landgren et al. 2009; Weiss et al. 2009). The prevalence of MGUS increases with age (Dispenzieri et al. 2010; Kyle et al. 2006; Landgren et al. 2014) and the age-standardized rate is higher among men (5.1%) compared to women (3.5%) in the U.S. general population aged 50 years and older (Dispenzieri et al. 2010). Multiple myeloma manifests “limited or suggestive evidence” of an association with exposure to herbicides in Vietnam veterans, including Agent Orange and its contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018).
Latest advances in extracellular vesicles: from bench to bedside
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Tomofumi Yamamoto, Nobuyoshi Kosaka, Takahiro Ochiya
The development of new EV detection methods enables EV detection from small amounts of sample, such as clinical samples. In fact, CD147, which is considered a biomarker for early-stage colorectal cancer, and CD9 double-positive EVs were also detected in samples with early-stage colorectal cancer that had invaded the submucosal layer by the ExoScreen assay [101]. In this respect, the development of EV detection is also important for EV-based therapy. Recently, circulating RNAs in EVs are utilized for cancer diagnosis. Sedlarikova et al. demonstrated that two-phase biomarker study for lncRNA expression profiles in EVs from peripheral blood serum of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) patients or healthy donors were investigated [102]. Overall, MM and MGUS patients showed high expression of lncRNA, called PRINS. These results suggest that lncRNA, PRINS, might be a minimally invasive marker of both MM and MGUS.