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Introductory ODE Model
Published in William E. Schiesser, ODE/PDE Analysis of Multiple Myeloma, 2020
The following background statement from [1] defines the term multiple myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes (lymph cells) are one of the main types of white blood cells in the immune system and include T cells and B cells. Lymphocytes are in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream.When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body attack and kill germs. Plasma cells, are found mainly in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside bones. In addition to plasma cells, normal bone marrow is also the home for other blood cells such as red cells, white cells, and platelets.In general, when plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, this is called multiple myeloma. The plasma cells make an abnormal protein (antibody) known by several different names, including monoclonal immunoglobulin, monoclonal protein (M-protein), M-spike, or paraprotein.
Osteoimmunomodulation with Biomaterials
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Bengü Aktaş, Bora Garipcan, Zehra Betül Ahi, Kadriye Tuzlakoğlu, Emre Ergene, Pınar Yılgör Huri
B-cells are formed by HSCs in the bone marrow. They are responsible for producing antibodies. Firstly, BCRs bind the antigens, and antigens are engulfed into the B-cell and digested. Then cognate helper T-cells bind to B-cells and secrete lymphokines for mitosis and differentiation. Finally, B-cells differentiate into the plasma cell. Plasma cells are able to secrete large amounts of antibodies [22]. There are several kinds of T-cells. For example, T-helper cells (CD4+), the largest group of T-cells, stimulate the growth and proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+). They also stimulate the growth and differentiation of B-cells and are responsible for activation of the macrophage system [23]. CD4+ T-cells might be infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For this reason, the number of CD4+ T-cells decreases drastically and the ability of the immune response fails. Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+), on the other hand, destroy virus-infected cells, tumour cells and cells that are transferred along with organ transplants.
Introduction to Host-Biomaterial Interactions
Published in Nina M. K. Lamba, Kimberly A. Woodhouse, Stuart L. Cooper, Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications, 2017
Nina M. K. Lamba, Kimberly A. Woodhouse, Stuart L. Cooper
Lymphocytes are the smallest of the leukocytes (6–20 µm in diameter). They are carried in the circulation to the tissue in response to an infection or foreign substance. There are two main types of lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes (T-cells) and B-lymphocytes (B-cells). These types in turn contain several different subclass of cells, each having different yet overlapping functions. B-cells are the antibody producing cells, where T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity. B-cells respond to the presence of antigen by differentiating into plasma cells and producing antibodies.49–50 Each plasma cell produces a different antibody.
Transmuted Burr Type X Distribution with Covariates Regression Modeling to Analyze Reliability Data
Published in American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences, 2020
Muhammad Shuaib Khan, Robert King, Irene Lena Hudson
The second application is based on 65 survival times and covariates for multiple myeloma patients’ data (Lawless, 2003, p. 334). Myeloma is a type of cancer that develops from plasma cells in the bone marrow. As bone marrow is found in multiple areas of the body (e.g., the spine, skull, shoulders, ribs, and pelvis), the disease is often called multiple myeloma. The outcome reported is the survival times in months for 65 patients, and include measurements on each patient for the two covariates. The variable censor indicates whether the patient died during the course of the observation period (censor = 0), or whether the observation is censored (censor = 1).