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Osteoimmunomodulation with Biomaterials
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
Bengü Aktaş, Bora Garipcan, Zehra Betül Ahi, Kadriye Tuzlakoğlu, Emre Ergene, Pınar Yılgör Huri
All of these immune cells have distinct precursors and very specific roles in the inflammatory reaction. For example, monocytes are cells formed by precursor cells, called monoblasts, present in the bone marrow. These cells circulate via the bloodstream. During inflammation, monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate to the tissues. Then, they differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells under the influence of various growth factors and cytokines within tissues. Tissue macrophages are the first line of the body’s defence mechanism and their primary action is to perform phagocytosis to digest any foreign substance to the body [18]. Granulocytes are a group of white blood cells with small granules in their cytoplasm. There are three different types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Neutrophils kill the invaders in three different ways: phagocytosis, secretion of soluble antimicrobials and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Eosinophils are very important for fighting against parasitic infections as their granules contain cathepsin, which is a unique toxic protein. Basophils are responsible for immune response during the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases [19].
Immunotoxicity and Safety Considerations for Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Published in Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, 2018
Gary Hannon, Melissa Anne Tutty, Adriele Prina-Mello
Monocytes are bone marrow-derived progenitors with primary roles in phagocytosis and inflammation. Upon stimulation, these cells migrate to sites of inflammation where they differentiate into dendritic cells or macrophages to clear potential infections.73 IONP have been shown to interact with a variety of monocytes inducing potential immunotoxicities. Xu et al. evaluated the response of monocytes to IONP in vitro.74 These NPs (with hydrodynamic sizes between 26.0 and 30.0 nm) were coated with either poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), polyethylenimine (PEI) or poly(ethylglycol) (PEG) leading to a negative (−50.0 mV), positive (51.0 mV) or neutral charge (−3.0 mV) respectively. With concentrations of up to 50.0 μg/ml, no significant changes in TNF-α and TLR-2 were established. Furthermore, cell viability was only slightly affected with each of these NPs, thus suggesting no major innate immune response and minimum toxicity upon treatment with each IONP.74
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
The increase in tissue temperature is accompanied by an increase in cellular metabolism. The arterioles (microscopic arteries, typically about of 40–200 μm inner diameter95) dilate in response to heating under smooth muscle control. The downstream capillary pressure increases above the homeostatic level of about 25 torr. Two consequences are an increased capillary flow and capillary pressure. First, at higher capillary pressures the gaps between the endothelial cells (thin epithelial cells comprising the vessel wall) tend to widen and, at higher pressures, edema may form (an increase in the fluid in the extracellular compartment).97,98 Second, higher capillary flow results in rapid clearing of cellular metabolites and increases convection heat transfer, delivery of tissue oxygen, cellular nutrients, antibodies, and leukocytes (white blood cells) including monocytes which are necessary in the healing response. Neutrophils are white blood cells that initially release proteolytic enzymes to digest dead tissue and, later, phagocytose (eat) the debris.99 Monocytes are other leukocytes that remove damaged and dead cells by phagocytosis.
Preparative enrichment of human tissue cells capable to change a site of growth in vitro or in vivo - Recent developments
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Johann Bauer, Hari H. P. Cohly, Jayashree Sahana, Daniela Grimm
In addition, cells whose physiological function includes migration through the human body show a variable electrophoretic mobility. For example, monocytes circulating in peripheral blood show a unique distribution curve of electrophoretic mobility, which is about 20% lower than the mobility of erythrocytes.[32] Physiologically, monocytes leave the blood after a few days of circulation and enter the tissue, where they develop to macrophages or to osteoclasts, which both migrate to different sites of action.[33] During an in vitro culturing of monocytes, two types of giant cells developed. One shows an electrophoretic mobility like the original monocytes, the other one shows a faster mobility like erythrocytes.[32] The appearance of the fast moving cells suggests similarity to osteoclasts.[34] In addition, B-lymphocytes maturing in vitro under the influence of pokeweed mitogen to antibody secreting cells keep their electrophoretic mobility, while antibody-secreting plasma cells isolated from peripheral blood exhibit an altered mobility as compared to B-lymphocytes. Studies on the electrophoretic difference of antibody-releasing cells suggested that the site of a body where the cells release their antibodies relates to negative surface charge density.[35,36]
Optimized Haar wavelet-based blood cell image denoising with improved multiverse optimization algorithm
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
M. Mohana Dhas, N. Suresh Singh
The effective functioning of the human body depends on blood and its components. Erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and leukocytes (white blood cells) are the three main types of blood cells. WBCs, which make up around 1% of the blood, are the most important component in the body’s immune response process. The bone marrow produces white blood cells, which are found in the blood and lymph tissues. Basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils are the five types of white blood cells. Each form of WBC is significant in its own way. Monocytes are white blood cells that break down any bacterium that enters the body and live longer than the other WBCs.
Classification and recognition method of white blood cells subclasses in batches based on phase characteristics with non-orthogonal phase imaging
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2022
Yuanyuan Xu, Hao Han, Yang Zou, Yawei Wang, Jingrong Liao
WBCs are approximately spherical, have nuclei, and are heterogeneous with non-uniform RI [30, 31]. Monocytes are the largest cells in the blood. The typical monocytes usually ranges from 12 μm to 20 μm in diameter and are usually the largest mature WBCs. The external morphology is generally spherical or quasi-spherical, the cell nucleus is mostly horseshoe-shaped or other irregular shapes, and the cytoplasm contains a certain amount of evenly distributed fine particles Lymphocytes are the core of the immune response. The typical lymphocyte usually ranges from 7 μm to 15 μm in diameter and are usually the smallest WBCs. The external morphology and nucleus are eccentric spherical, and the cytoplasm contains a very small amount of particles. As the name implies, the cytoplasm of three granulocytes contains a large number of fine particles. Neutrophils are the most abundant WBCs, up to 50% to 70% of the total and mostly fine particles in the cytoplasm. The external morphology is generally spherical, the nucleus is lobulated, generally into 3–5 pieces. The neutrophils containing lobulated nuclei ranges from 10 μm to 15 μm in diameter. Eosinophils are similar in shape to neutrophils. The mature eosinophils ranges from 10 μm to 15 μm in diameter. However, the nucleus of eosinophils is usually only in two pieces (like spectacles), and the cytoplasmic contents mostly comprises coarse particles (large quantity). Basophils are one of the least common cells in the bone marrow and blood, and their number is less than 2% of the total number of WBCs. In addition, their size and the nuclear morphology are similar to those of neutrophils. But the cytoplasm has particles of different sizes and irregular distribution covering the nucleus, in many cases the morphology of the nucleus is difficult to distinguish [30, 31].