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Microbial Lipids as Diesel Replacement:
Published in Farshad Darvishi Harzevili, Serge Hiligsmann, Microbial Fuels, 2017
Hatim Machrafi, Christophe Minetti, Carlo Saverio Iorio
Oleaginous microorganisms, that is, yeast, filamentous fungi, and microalgal species, are very interesting organisms that are able to accumulate lipids at levels greater than 20% of their cellular dry weight (Meng et al. 2009; Capus et al. 2016). Hence, these organisms are useful sources of lipids, which can subsequently be used for producing “green” diesel, or biodiesel (Li et al. 2008). Presently, oil from rapeseed, sunflower, or palm, or even animal, fats is used worldwide as the main feedstock for biodiesel production. Nonetheless, the second generation of biodiesel, being based on the fermentation of oleaginous microorganisms, has the advantage of not being linked to a particular season and does not compete with food production for the use of agricultural land. Therefore, biodiesel from oleaginous microorganisms is generally considered to be an ideal green fuel candidate for the replacement of fossil diesel due to its high oil accumulation and rapid growth rate of microorganisms (Chisti 2007). These neutral lipid stocks are composed of hydrophobic lipid molecules lacking charged groups that mostly consist of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the form of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids.
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olawole O. Obembe, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, O. S. Aworunse, Nneka R. Agbakoba
The microbiomes of lean and obese people vary in the sense that obese people possess lower microbial diversity as against the richer diversity of lean people. Metagenomic analysis on 16S rRNA of the human gut microbiome has shown that the microbiome of obese persons has an abundance of phylum Firmicutes and a reduced abundance of the Bacteroidetes. So, an alteration in the gut environment that warrants changes in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio provides genetic material that enables individuals to have the capacity to harvest energy from the diet. This disturbance consequently promotes lipogenesis, leading to an increase in the quantity of the lipid droplets and eventually to excess weight gain.
Tailoring Triacylglycerol Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants for Biofuel Production
Published in Arindam Kuila, Sustainable Biofuel and Biomass, 2019
Kshitija Sinha, Ranjeet Kaur, Rupam Kumar Bhunia
TAG contains three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone because of which it is considered to be an efficient source of energy. Its oxidation yields more than twice the energy of protein or carbohydrate. It is considered to be an efficient storage reserve in most of the seed oil crops. Being located in the cotyledon or endosperm tissues of the seed, it makes up to 60% of the total weight of the seed. It is found as lipid droplets of diameter ranging from ~0.5 to 1 μm are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and structural proteins called oleosin which prevent these droplets from desiccation (Murphy, 2001).
Spray-dried almond milk powder containing microencapsulated flaxseed oil
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Federico Bueno, Alexander Chouljenko, Vondel Reyes, Subramaniam Sathivel
AMFO emulsions were analyzed under a light microscope to evaluate the fat globule dispersion, size, and overall morphology of the liquids. The light microscope used was the Leica DM6 B (Wetzlar, Germany). Images were taken at 10× magnification. Two drops of liquid were placed onto a microscope slide and a cover slip was applied. This analysis aided in the understanding of the interactions of components within the emulsions and provided a glimpse of particle dispersity. Particle size distribution of emulsions was determined by the NIH ImageJ 1.52a System (Bethesda, MD, USA). The dimensions of the particles in the images were adjusted to scale. Each image had 100 lipid droplets selected at random and their length of diameter was measured. Three images were analyzed to obtain the average lipid droplet size of each emulsion.
Formulation characteristics of monodisperse structured lipid microparticles using microchannel emulsification
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2022
Hanxiao Wang, Mitsutoshi Nakajima, Marcos A. Neves, Kunihiko Uemura, Setsuko Todoriki, Isao Kobayashi
Figure 2(a) illustrates the entire MCE system. A 50 mL glass syringe filled with the continuous phase was connected to the module by a plastic tube with an inner diameter of 0.2 mm. A syringe pump (Model 11, Harvard Apparatus Inc., Holliston, USA) was used to supply the continuous phases at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/h. A 10 mL glass syringe filled with dispersed phase was directly connected to the module, while another hanging 10 mL glass syringe filled with liquid paraffin was connected to the dispersed phase via a plastic tube (inner diameter: 0.1 mm); care was taken to avoid the presence of air bubbles. To maintain the processing temperature higher than the melting point of the dispersed phase, the syringe filled with the dispersed phase was heated by a pipe coil connected to the water bath. The entire MC module was insulated with a plastic cover. During the MCE process, the temperature of the entire system was <70 °C. The pressure applied to the dispersed phase increased with increasing liquid paraffin height in the syringe. Once the dispersed-phase pressure exceeded the breakthrough pressure, the dispersed phase passed through the MCs and lipid droplet generation initiated (Figure 2(b)). This droplet generation was monitored and recorded using a metallographic microscope (MS-511B, Seiwa Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and digital video camera (Floyd Multi-Interface Digital Camera, Wrayer Inc., Osaka, Japan).
Preparation and characterization of cocoa butter and whey protein isolate based emulgels for pharmaceutical and probiotics delivery applications
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Monalisha Satapathy, Dilshad Quereshi, Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen, Debiprasad Pani, Biswaranjan Mohanty, Arfat Anis, Samarendra Maji, Doman Kim, Preetam Sarkar, Kunal Pal
The addition of WPI solution to the pale yellow colored molten fat (CB) resulted in the formation of milky white emulsions. Previous studies have suggested that the amount of the unsaturated fatty acids present in the fats affects the crystallization process of the fats.[36] It is important to note that fat crystals are not surface active. Hence, emulsifiers have been employed to stabilize the fat-aqueous interface of the biphasic formulations. Further, the addition of hydrocolloids increases the viscosity of the aqueous phase of oil-in-water emulsions, thereby, stabilizing the emulsion.[37] In our study, WPI was incorporated within the aqueous phase. WPI has been reported to be amphipathic in nature, which provides them with surface active properties.[38] Hence, the chances of destabilization of the emulsions during the preparation of the emulgels were significantly reduced. The emulgels (C2–C5), having aqueous phase lower than 40%, were stable in nature and did not show any phase separation. A decrease in the proportion of CB below 60% resulted in the phase separation. This can be attributed to the fact that an increase in the aqueous phase might have resulted in the phase-inversion. The lipid droplet size, so formed, might have been large enough to induce phase separation. This is a well-documented phenomenon in the field of emulsion preparation.[39] The pictographs of formulated emulgels are shown in Figure S1.