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Nanomaterials in Cardio Protection
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
A healthy heart is imperative for a steady flow of blood to carry oxygen and essential compounds required by numerous cells, tissues and organs throughout the body. The performance of the heart can be disturbed by diet, smoking, alcohol, infection and genes. Disease conditions where blood flow is obstructed are termed as ischemia. Ischemic diseases can affect different organs and tissues in the body. Ischemic heart disease, ischemic hepatitis, ischemic stroke and renal ischemia are some examples that occur in the heart, liver, brain and kidney, respectively. Cardiac diseases could occur as a single moiety or in combination with hypertension, drug-induced cardiac complications, diabetes, doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy, age and many other factors.
Luminescence Nanothermometry
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, 21st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Oleksandr A. Savchuk, Joan J. Carvajal
In another example, by performing luminescence nanothermometry inside tissues, Ximendes et al. developed a new diagnosis tool to detect first stages of ischemia in vivo that could allow for the early treatment of cardiovascular diseases and accidents (Ximendes et al. 2016b). Ischemia is a disease in which a temporal or permanent restriction in blood supply to biological tissues or organs occurs that can produce a long-lasting or transient damage in the affected areas (Brown and Wilson 2004). The luminescence nanothermometer is based on PbS/CdS/ZnS/ QDs emitting light in the near infrared, at 1,200 nm after being pumped at 808 nm. By using these QDs as luminescence nanothermometers, the authors could discriminate between the ischemic and inflammatory phases that occur in live mice of the murine ischemic hindlimb model. Such discrimination is based on the faster thermal dynamics detected in ischemic tissues. This procedure also allowed monitoring the revascularization and damage recovery processes of such ischemic tissues after artery ligation, as shown in Figure 25.27.
Aortic and Arterial Mechanics
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
There are many different types of arterial pathologies, and together, they represent one of the leading causes of death in the world. Myocardial infarction and stroke affect 120,000 and 150,000 people, respectively, per year in France. Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults worldwide, the second leading cause of dementia (after Alzheimer’s disease), and the third leading cause of death in industrialized countries (after heart disease and cancer). Myocardial infarction is mainly triggered by the obstruction of an artery feeding the heart, and stroke is mainly triggered by the obstruction of an artery feeding the brain. Eventually, this leads to ischemia, defined as the metabolic demand being unmet, leading to tissue suffering and ultimate necrosis. Ischemia is most often triggered by the rupture of an atheroma plaque, a lipid deposit that forms on the inner wall of the arteries with age and under the influence of various risk factors (sex, heredity, food, physical inactivity, smoking, etc.). When an atheroma plaque ruptures, a clot typically forms; this may cause thrombosis by obstructing blood flow through an artery. The clot may also migrate or form upstream (e.g., in the heart chambers).
Longitudinal wall shear stress evaluation using centerline projection approach in the numerical simulations of the patient-based carotid artery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Kevin Richter, Tristan Probst, Anna Hundertmark, Pepe Eulzer, Kai Lawonn
The importance of a healthy and functioning cardiovascular system is reflected in the WHO death statistics of 2019. Ischemic stroke was the disease responsible for the highest proportion of deaths across all countries and wealth levels (WHO: The top 10 causes of death 2020). The cause of ischemic stroke is an arterial vascular disease, which in its most common form, atherosclerosis, is an inflammatory response of the vessel wall to lipid metabolism disturbances and endothelial stress. This leads to the formation of multi-focal plaques and thus to the narrowing and hardening of the arteries and consequently to an insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain (Debus et al. 2013). A special role in atherosclerosis development plays the carotid artery, which is responsible for an estimated 18–25% of thromboembolic strokes (Iannuzzi et al. 2021). In the carotid bifurcation the common carotid artery splits into the external and the internal carotid artery. While the former is responsible for supplying blood to the head and upper neck organs, the latter supplies blood to the brain. Both, the death toll of ischemic strokes and the drastic increase in the general prevalence of atherosclerosis, which is related to demographic change and the accompanying burden on health and care system, make it necessary to adequately address the danger posed by atherosclerosis. To provide necessary tools predicting the locations of sites susceptible to atherosclerotic damage, as well as to make recommendations for their optimal treatment, is one of the main goals of modern medicine.
Hygro-thermo-mechanical performance of wheelchair cushion technologies in the prevention of pressure ulcers and moisture-associated skin damages
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Fabien Bogard, Guillaume Polidori, Sébastien Murer, Chadi Maalouf, Yannick Blancheteau, Hervé Quinart, Fabien Beaumont
People with severe physical disabilities, who spend extended time sitting in a wheelchair may be subject to skin damage occurring at the body–seat interface (Stockton & Rithalia, 2009; Worsley et al., 2018) namely pressure sores and Moisture-Associated Skin Damage (MASD). Along with the pressure applied to the skin due to prolonged immobility and responsible for PU outbreak (Hui et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2017b; Lung et al., 2020), heat and moisture accumulation around wounds significantly accelerate tissue damage (Cho et al., 2014; Kokate et al., 1995). One of the extrinsic factors in PU development, namely microclimate temperature, has not been thoroughly investigated in the literature. However, it has been pointed out by a prospective cohort study (Yusuf et al., 2015), who conclude that increasing skin temperature as a microclimate variable correlated with the onset of PUs and superficial skin changes. Moreover, skin temperature and MASD are often linked, as pointed out by McCulloch and Kloth (2010) who state that an increase of 1°C in skin temperature causes a 10% increase in tissue metabolism. Other extrinsic factors, such as friction and shearing forces will damage the superficial tissue and affect the underlying tissue. In such case, the deep fascia slides downward with the bone while the superficial fascia remains attached to the dermis, which compromise blood supply. Eventually, ischemia occurs and leads to cellular death and tissue necrosis.
Network modeling and Internet of things for smart and connected health systems—a case study for smart heart health monitoring and management
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2020
Hui Yang, Chen Kan, Alexander Krall, Daniel Finke
Heart disease is the No. 1 cause of death in the US (Benjamin et al., 2019). It is estimated that approximately 610,000 deaths each year are attributed to heart disease. Considering the costs of medications, services, and lost productivity, the economic burden amounts to over $200 billion (Mozaffarian et al., 2017) per year. Smart and connected health hinges on real-time monitoring of physiological signals and timely identification of the onset of disease patterns. For example, the effects of ischemia on heart muscle cells are reversible if the incident is detected and treated early (De Luca et al., 2004). When the episode of ischemia is prolonged, cardiac cells will be damaged and become infarcted, thereby triggering heart attacks. It is estimated that a 30-minute delay will increase the risk of one-year mortality by 7.5% (De Luca et al., 2004). There is an urgent need to develop new sensor-based analytical methods and tools for real-time cardiac monitoring and disease pattern recognition, thereby promoting smart health management.