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Diving and ROV
Published in Sukumar Laik, Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production, 2018
If the breath is held during ascent, the formation of an air bubble in the bloodstream may occur. This blockage in the bloodstream is known as an embolism and can create serious hazards to safe diving. Breath-holding over-expands the lungs as a diver rises to the surface. This over-expansion can cause ruptured air sacs and blood capillaries in the lungs. Once these sensitive tissues are ruptured, air is forced into the pulmonary capillary bed and air bubbles are carried to the left chambers of the heart. These bubbles are then pumped into the arteries. Any bubble too large to pass through an artery will lodge in the bloodstream and form an obstruction, thus depriving other tissues of blood. Consequences of an embolism depend on the area or organ that is affected. Often the brain is affected, and unless the diver is rapidly recompressed to release the bubble and allow the blood flow to continue, death can result.
Pathology
Published in John A Plumb, Health Maintenance Of Cultured Fishes, 1994
An embolism is an obstruction of some part of the vascular system that interrupts the flow of blood. One of the most common types of fish emboli is the formation of “gas bubbles” in blood vessels caused by a supersaturation of the water by a gas, usually oxygen or nitrogen.10-11 When a gas in the water exceeds 100% saturation for an extended period of time, gas bubbles will form in the blood of fish producing a condition known as “gas bubble diseases”. This disease is similar to the bends that afflict divers. Fish affected by gas bubble disease may have microscopic or macroscopic gas bubbles in the opercle, gills, around the mouth, in the eyes, or in the fins. In cultured fishes, the most common occurrences of gas bubble disease are caused when deep wells are used as a water supply or when cool water is heated just before it flows into the fish culture unit. Wild populations of fish are usually affected by gas bubble disease just below high dams as a result of the water tumbling over the spillway and the subsequent entrapment of gases in the plunge pool.
Nuclear Terrorism
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Blast waves created by nuclear explosions can produce serious injury and death to those close to the point of detonation (Table 10.3). Even those who might be protected from the initial blast wave by fortified buildings or heavy vehicles can be affected by the atmospheric overpressure created by the blast. The blast wave can enter buildings and vehicles and be reflected and reinforced within. Injuries to humans from blast waves vary based upon changeable susceptibility from person to person, accounting for age, physical condition, and the existence of disease or other injury in the victim. When the blast wave comes into contact with the human body, there is first a rapid compression followed by decompression, resulting in the transmission of pressure waves through body tissues. Sites where damage occurs include junctions of different tissues such as bone and muscle, or where tissue and airspaces intersect. Lungs and gastrointestinal components are very susceptible because of the amount of air present within. Hemorrhage or air embolism can occur, which can be fatal. While not serious, eardrum perforation can occur from blast over pressurization of the surrounding atmosphere. Pressures of 193 kPa (1.9 atm) can be fatal. There have been people, however, who have survived overpressures of 262 kPa (2.5 atm). As it turns out, the body is quite resilient to blast pressures as compared to something like a concrete block wall. Blast overpressures of 10.1–20.2 kPa (0.1–0.2 atm) can shatter a concrete block wall. Overpressures much less than those that are lethal can cause serious injury to those exposed. Lung damage can occur at 68.9 kPa, while eardrum rupture occurs at 22 kPa (0.2 atm), with a 50% chance of eardrum rupture from 90 to 130 kPa (0.9 to 1.2 atm). It is therefore likely that overpressures above 70 kPa will produce injuries. Radiation and thermal injuries will make up the largest portion of injuries produced by a nuclear explosion. Additional injuries can also be expected from flying debris and crushing caused by collapsing structures and vehicles.
A two step workflow for pulmonary embolism detection using deep learning and feature extraction
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
G. Olescki, João M.C. Clementin de Andrade, Dante L. Escuissato, Lucas F. Oliveira
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a clinical condition where the patient has a thrombus (clot that moves from elsewhere in the body) in pulmonary vessels, and this thrombus can harshly reduce or even interrupt the blood flow of the artery, which can be fatal (Huisman et al. 2018). It may cause up to 300,000 deaths per year in the US (Konstantinides et al. 2019). The mortality rate (30%) can be reduced to, as low as 2% with an early diagnosis, showing that a fast and accurate diagnosis is critical to saving those lives (Jha et al. 2013; Sadigh et al. 2011).