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Nanoemulsions: Status in Antimicrobial Therapy
Published in Adwitiya Sinha, Megha Rathi, Smart Healthcare Systems, 2019
Atinderpal Kaur, Rakhi Bansal, Sonal Gupta, Reema Gabrani, Shweta Dang
Das et al. (2012) investigated various NEs with different ratios of cationic and nonionic surfactants for their activity as an adjuvant in influenza vaccine to improve the immune responses against influenza. The novel influenza vaccine HINI was composed of inactive influenza virus and NE. The vaccine was administered intranasally. The immune responses were compared with the vaccine containing inactive virus alone prepared in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). All vaccines containing NE elicited a high immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in serum when compared with PBS only vaccine. NEs having cationic to nonionic surfactant concentration in the ratio of 1:6 elicited the highest immune response. Mice immunized with NE showed a higher concentration of influenza-specific antigens immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the bronchoalveolar fluid. The vaccine with NE given intramuscular generated a high serum IgG antibody when compared with intranasal administration, whereas the vaccine with NE given intranasal generated a high mucosal IgG antibody when compared with intramucosal administration.
Nanostructure-Based Delivery Dosage Forms in Pharmaceuticals, Food, and Cosmetics
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Bionanotechnology, 2018
An effective drug delivery system will maximize the therapeutic effect of drugs while reducing the toxic effects. Generally, pills are used to deliver the required dosage of drugs, but with the development of science and technology, novel drug delivery systems have been introduced. Nanoemulsions are becoming more promising in the industry as effective delivery systems. Different types of nanoemulsions (w/o or o/w) with mean droplets size in range between 50 and 1000 nm are being used as delivery systems in pharmaceutical industries. To deliver drugs, the nanoemulsions are made using pharmaceutical surfactants, which are generally regarded as safe (GRAS). Hydrophilic drugs are preferably transported by water-in-oil nanoemulsions, whereas oil-in-water nanoemulsions are used for delivery of lipophilic drugs. Nanoemulsions as the drug carrier have major benefits of improved drug loading capacity, solubility and bioavailability, reduced patient variability, controlled target release, and protection from enzymatic degradation. The main applications of nanoemulsion in drug delivery include cosmetics and transdermal delivery of drug, cancer therapy, vaccine, delivery system, nontoxic disinfectant cleaner, cell culture technology, prophylactic in bioterrorism attack, and improved delivery of poorly soluble drug (oral, ocular, optic, intestinal, parenteral, and pulmonary drug delivery). Moreover, nanoemulsions are utilized in the systems to deliver either recombinant proteins or inactivated organisms to a mucosal surface to produce an immune response. Influenza vaccine and HIV vaccine are some examples (Chime et al. 2014).
Manufacturing of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines–A case study
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Cristina A. T. Silva, Shantoshini Dash, Amine Kamen
Three types of vaccines are currently approved and available on the market for influenza: inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), and recombinant vaccine (RV). Manufacture of IIVs and LAIVs, which together correspond to almost 90% of production capacity [17], relies on the generation of master viral seed stocks. As some influenza strains present limited yields when produced in vitro, master virus stocks are composed of high growth reassortants (HGR), a modified virus expressing the antigenic proteins HA and NA from the targeted strain within the backbone of a high growth strain such as the A/PR/8/34 H1N1. While critical for egg-based influenza vaccine production, it is yet not clear if HGRs are necessary for cell-culture−based vaccine manufacturing, with evidence suggesting no significant improvement in virus yields for cell-base systems seeded with HGRs in comparison to wild-type viruses [23]. HGR generation, performed only by a few laboratories in the world, consists of coinfecting the same egg with both viruses and screening the viral progeny for a reassortant with the desired characteristics, a process that takes between 4–6 weeks to be completed [17,18]. To reduce the time required for HGR generation and increase responsiveness to potential pandemics, the use of reverse genetics for viral seed stock production have been studied. This technique consists of generating live viruses by co-transfecting cells with a set of plasmid-cloned cDNA encoding the influenza viral genome [24]. Rapid production of influenza virus seed stocks using reverse genetics have been demonstrated for different cell lines [25–27].
Strait fuzzy sets, strait fuzzy rough sets and their similarity measures-based decision making systems
Published in International Journal of Systems Science, 2023
Akın Osman Atagün, Hüseyin Kamacı
Influenza viruses cause mild to severe respiratory infections in humans and are a major public health problem. Seasonal influenza viruses cause millions of serious cases and many deaths each year worldwide. Influenza vaccines cause antibodies to develop in the body about two-three weeks after vaccination. Antibody responses to the influenza virus have long been known to be protective against influenza virus infection.