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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Liver and kidney damage occurs commonly following excessive exposure to fumigants. Liver injury may take the form of fatty infiltration, diffuse necrosis, or massive necrosis. Elevated serum levels of GOT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin reflect hepatocellular injury. The fumigants may inflict direct injury on glomerular and tubular elements of the kidney, leading to functional proteinuria and glycosuria or to acute renal failure, depending on the severity of toxicant exposure. In addition, hyperbilirubinemia resulting from liver damage may compound the tubular injury (hepatorenal syndrome).
Hepatic damage exacerbates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in Sprague-Dawley rats
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Ji Su Kim, Ji Yeon Son, Kyeong Seok Kim, Hyun Jung Lim, Mee-Young Ahn, Seung Jun Kwack, Young-Mi Kim, Kwang Youl Lee, Jaewon Lee, Byung Mu Lee, Hyung Sik Kim
The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) has shown a gradual increase in hospitalized patients and is associated with early and long-term morbidity and mortality (Rognant 2015; Wong 2015a). Numerous risk factors for AKI were identified, including hypotension, liver failure, sepsis, hypertension, preexisting renal disease, heart failure, and adverse consequences to many medications (Belcher 2015; Davenport et al. 2017; Rewa and Bagshaw 2014). In particular, hepatic cirrhosis exerts a detrimental effect on the overall survival rate of AKI individuals because the liver performs many vital functions including protein synthesis such as albumin and clotting factors, vitamin storage, immunomodulation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and drug and toxin activation or detoxification (Attia et al. 2008; Ginès and Schrier 2009; Wong 2015b, 2016). Further, patients with severe liver disease often develop renal complications, including acute renal failure. AKI was proposed to serve as a model of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis (Egerod Israelsen, Gluud, and Krag 2015; Karvellas, Durand, and Nadim 2015). In addition, hepatic failure is associated with significantly poor outcome if AKI develops and increases death rate in patients with both AKI and hepatic failure was noted compared to those with AKI alone (Tujios et al. 2015; Yuan et al. 2017). Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) occurs frequently in patients with advanced chronic liver diseases. Acute or chronic liver failure is characterized by acute hepatic and/or extrahepatic organ failure driven by dysregulated immune system responses and systemic inflammatory responses. The concept of AKI is well recognized, but its association with hepatic dysfunction is not well studied. Therefore, it was of interest to examine whether liver injury might affect the development of AKI.