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Introduction to the Biological System
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
Besides this, tissues can also be categorized as soft and hard tissues on the basis of their stiffness and mechanical strength. As per the nomenclature, hard tissues are mechanically stronger than the soft tissues. The hard tissue, also named as the mineralized tissues, is composed of minerals (hard) and collagenous matrices (soft). Bone, dentin, tooth enamel, tendon, and cartilage are some examples of mineralized tissues. Some of these mineralized tissues have the characteristic adaptability and multifunctional properties. Due to its inorganic and collagenous constituents, mineralized tissues exhibit diverse properties like low weight, toughness, strength, and stiffness. Due to the characteristic structural arrangement of collagen fibers and the calcium phosphate minerals, the mechanical stresses are transferred through several length scales, from macro to micro to nano and these results in energy dissipation and damage tolerance.
Bio-Ceramics for Tissue Engineering
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah, Te Chuan Lee, Maizlinda Izwana Idris, Mohamad Ali Selimin
Biomaterials are very important in biomedical applications for replacement, construction and repairing hard tissue and soft tissue purposes. Biomaterials can be classified into biometal, bioceramic, biopolymer and biocomposite. Bioceramics have got more attention for bone reconstruction and as an implant especially for hard tissue (bone). The properties of bioceramics were altered depending the specific application in the human body. It can be in various form and structure such as porous, dense and combination of them. In this chapter, metal oxide ceramic (gel oxidation of titanium, i.e. TiO2), glass ceramic (Bioactive glass) and ceramic (hydroxyapatite) were discussed in association with bioactive properties and reaction with the natural bone. In vitro testing (simulated body fluid (SBF) and cultured cell (osteoblast)) were performed to study the bioactive properties and prediction of in vivo reaction of bioceramics. The preparation, mechanism and biological reactions are investigated and analysed to get the information for potential use in biomedical applications. The analysed results from the in vitro testing show the suitability of bioceramics (bioactive) for substituting or repairing hard tissue (bone).
Bionanocomposites
Published in Satya Eswari Jujjavarapu, Krishna Mohan Poluri, Green Polymeric Nanocomposites, 2020
Archita Gupta, Padmini Padmanabhan, Sneha Singh
Bone is a connective tissue comprising fibers, cells, and the ground substances, forming a matrix. The bone skeleton weighs around 4 kg with a total tissue volume of 1.75 L and average bone calcium content of approximately 1 kg (Parfitt 1983). The matrix component of bone tissues is mineralized providing high strength and rigidity to the bone, unlike other soft tissues. This hard tissue performs several important functions, some of which are locomotion, internal support, storage for calcium and phosphorus, an attachment site for muscles and tendons, and protection of soft organs from injuries (Weatherholt et al. 2012). Bones are macroscopically divided into two types, that is, cortical (80% of the skeleton) and cancellous (20% of the skeleton) bone, which dominate the long bones of extremities and the vertebrae and pelvis, respectively (Eriksen et al. 1993). In cross-section, the ends of the bone represent cortical (or compact) bone surrounding the inner cancellous (or spongy) bone. Cortical bone is found at the diaphysis of long bone while the cancellous bone is present at metaphyses and epiphyses of both cuboidal and long bones. Out of the two, cancellous bone is more metabolically active and can be remodeled more easily than cortical bone.
Doped biphasic calcium phosphate: synthesis and structure
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2019
The World Health organization (WHO) has recognized musculoskeletal diseases resulting from trauma, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis or surgical intervention, as the second largest contributor to disabilities worldwide [1]. According to recent statistics, around 2.2 million patients require bone grafting procedure annually to improve the quality of life or to rectify bone defects [2]. Moreover, about 1.2 million people have lost their lives because of the lack of proper bone replacement facilities [3,4]. Both biological and synthetic bone graft materials are clinically used for hard tissue replacement therapy. Biological bone graft materials can be broadly classified into three categories: autografts, allografts, and xenografts [5]. While biological materials closely resemble natural bone, they are at high risk of immuno-rejection and microbiological contamination, which often leads to revision surgery and implant removal [5]. A limited supply of biological materials is another major drawback for such grafting. Hence, the search for synthetic bone replacement materials has been driving significant activity in the field of biomaterials.
PCL and PCL-based materials in biomedical applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Elbay Malikmammadov, Tugba Endogan Tanir, Aysel Kiziltay, Vasif Hasirci, Nesrin Hasirci
Advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies with the development of new materials provide advantageous strategies for the treatment of bone defects over the conventional bone grafting techniques [122]. One of the most important challenges in bone tissue engineering is to construct an artificial substrate that mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM) with effective bone mineralization, which results in the reconstruction of injured or diseased bones. Bone is a hard tissue which is physically solid, rigid and hard, and composed of cells within collagenous fibrous structure reinforced with inorganic compounds. It is mostly composed of collagen and porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) structure. Traditionally bioceramics have been processed to fill and restore bone, because their structure resembles to that of natural bone and promotes osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration activities by serving as mineral reservoir which induces new bone formation [123,124]. These fillers can be classified as silica based (e.g. silicon dioxide), bioglass based and calcium phosphate based (e.g. hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate) ceramics [125]. Meanwhile, use of inorganic materials alone in the preparation of scaffolds is not preferred due to their brittle nature and poor mechanical resistance when porous [126].
Whole body sensing dummy of the elderly to evaluate robotic devices for nursing care
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2021
Kunihiro Ogata, Yoshio Matsumoto
The human body consists of hard tissue (bone) and soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin). The viscera is treated as a part of soft tissue but omitted in this study. The proposed simulated buttock and back of the sensing dummy consists of a rigid simulated bone and a simulated soft tissue. The force sensors are mounted in the simulated bone and the simulated soft tissue, and the load of the human body is thus realized and measured in detail. Moreover, the simulated human body and four limbs are based on the mass distribution of a human in order to realize the weight received on the buttock dummy.