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Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
The periodontium is comprised of alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and gingiva (Bottino et al. 2012; Sowmya et al. 2013). Cementum and alveolar bone are mineralised tissues. PDL is a fibrous tissue that attaches the root cementum of a tooth to the host alveolar bone (Liu et al. 2019). Periodontal disease is initiated by pathogenic bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory response. Inflammation of the gingiva without clinical evidence of breakdown of the periodontium is considered reversible and characteristic of gingivitis. Periodontitis, however, involves an irreversible breakdown of the connective tissue attachment to the root of the tooth and alveolar bone resorption, attributable primarily to the immune and inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens. Progressive periodontal destruction results in tooth mobility (loose teeth) and tooth loss. In nearly 50% of adults, the host response to oral bacteria leads to periodontitis, with progressive destruction of tooth-supporting apparatus. Severe periodontitis is relatively prevalent, affecting as many as 8–15% of the entire global population (Frencken et al. 2017). Moreover, alveolar bone loss and periodontal defects due to congenital birth defects, traumatic injury, tumours, and other infectious conditions may lead to the need for alveolar bone reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, or both. Indeed, alveolar bone defects have been associated with a decrease in the health and quality of life for millions of people (Bottino et al. 2012).
Introduction to the Biological System
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
Besides this, tissues can also be categorized as soft and hard tissues on the basis of their stiffness and mechanical strength. As per the nomenclature, hard tissues are mechanically stronger than the soft tissues. The hard tissue, also named as the mineralized tissues, is composed of minerals (hard) and collagenous matrices (soft). Bone, dentin, tooth enamel, tendon, and cartilage are some examples of mineralized tissues. Some of these mineralized tissues have the characteristic adaptability and multifunctional properties. Due to its inorganic and collagenous constituents, mineralized tissues exhibit diverse properties like low weight, toughness, strength, and stiffness. Due to the characteristic structural arrangement of collagen fibers and the calcium phosphate minerals, the mechanical stresses are transferred through several length scales, from macro to micro to nano and these results in energy dissipation and damage tolerance.
Microscopy and related techniques
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Jean E Aaron, Patricia A Shore, Roger C Shore, Jennifer Kirkham
Imaging of mineralized tissues. Investigation of matrix protein-crystal associations with the relatively small crystals from bone (and dentine) require that imaging be carried out under fluid. In order to anchor the specimens to the substrate during scanning, self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technology is used. Self-assembled monolayers are routinely used to provide ‘designer’ substrates with specific surface chemistry. These are generated from ω-functionalized alkyl thiols which spontaneously form monolayers on gold surfaces by the formation of a covalent bond between the sulphur and gold atoms [101] (figure 7.14). A range of ω-functionalized alkyl thiols are commercially available and include molecules with methyl, amine, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl and phenyl head groups, offering a wide range of potentially modified surfaces. Similar technology is used in the modification of AFM tips in chemical force microscopy (see below). Amine-terminated SAMs appear to be optimum for the stabilization of crystals from bone and dentine, suggesting an overall negative surface charge for these crystals (figure 7.15). The resulting images reveal the presence of steps or spiral growth sites of the order of size of the unit cell for hydroxyapatite.
Analysis of laboratory adhesion studies in eroded enamel and dentin: a scoping review
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2021
Madalena Belmar da Costa, António H. S. Delgado, Teresa Pinheiro de Melo, Tomás Amorim, Ana Mano Azul
Enamel and dentin are highly mineralized tissues, made up of an organized inorganic matrix of hydroxyapatite crystals [7]. Enamel comprises 96 wt% of hydroxyapatite crystals, while the remaining 4% are water and residual organic content [7–9]. Alike enamel, there is also an inorganic matrix in dentin, although in lesser quantity, surrounding and protecting the organic content. This is mostly type-I collagen, responsible for making dentin a challenging substrate to bond to [10]. Despite their apparent similarities, they each have different coping mechanisms and regeneration potentials, in response to the various aggressions they may be subjected to in the oral environment [8]. These include trauma, caries, abrasion, attrition and erosion [11].
Determination of natural radionuclides and some metal concentrations in human tooth samples in the Rize province, Turkey
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Hasan Baltas, Murat Sirin, Firdevs Senel, Fatih Devran
Besides, the results of the present study were compared with previous studies. The 226Ra levels reported in the Malaysian peninsula by Almayahi et al. (2014) (550 ± 230 Bq kg−1) and the Penang (Malaysia) by Salih (2019) (45 Bq kg−1) are higher than the values determined in the presented study, but those reported for the Tokyo (Japan) by Yamamoto et al. (1994) (0.23 ± 0.4 Bq kg−1) and the Kharkiv (Ukraine) by Dikiy et al. (2016) (12 Bq kg−1) are not (Almayahi et al. 2014; Yamamoto et al. 1994; Dikiy et al. 2016; Salih 2019). The 228Th levels reported in the Malaysian peninsula by Almayahi et al. (2014) (500 ± 140 Bq kg−1) are higher than the values determined in the presented study for 232Th (Almayahi et al. 2014), but those reported for Malaysia (Penang) by Salih (2019) (37.48 Bq kg−1) are not (Salih 2019). The 40K levels reported in the Malaysian peninsula by Almayahi et al. (2014) (12,310 ± 7270 Bq kg−1) and the Penang (Malaysia) by Salih (2019) (475.78 Bq kg−1) are higher than the values determined in the presented study (Almayahi et al. 2014; Salih 2019). Teeth and bone are both mineralized tissues that consist mainly of hydroxyapatite (Buddhachat et al. 2016). Because the structure of teeth and bone samples is similar to each other, the results of the presented work were compared with the permissible limit values recommended by UNSCEAR for 226Ra and 232Th. The results show that the mean activity concentration values of 226Ra and 232Th in human teeth samples were higher than the average world values recommended by UNSCEAR (0.006–0.024 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra and 0.26 Bq kg−1 for 232Th) for bones (UNSCEAR 2008; Walencik-Łata et al. 2016).