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The Human Microbiome: How Our Health is Impacted by Microorganisms
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Recent studies have shown that gut microbes can regulate a host of behaviors of the host through the gut-brain axis.94 Taking autism as an example, children with autism often have severe gastrointestinal disorders in their clinical manifestations. A large-scale survey conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that children with autism have a higher proportion of gastrointestinal diseases. Scientists at Caltech and other collaborating universitiesb fed Bacteroides fragilis to mice with autism, improving their intestinal permeability and making their intestinal microbial population closer to normal mice. They found that those mice became more flexible and had their anxiety and other symptoms reduced. Metabolomic analysis of mouse serum revealed that gut bacteria affect the behavior of mice by affecting the levels of some metabolites. Injecting one of these metabolites into normal mice can lead to abnormal behavior.
The Human Microbiome: How Our Health is Impacted by Microorganisms
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
Recent studies have shown that gut microbes can regulate a host of behaviors of the host through the gut-brain axis.94 Taking autism as an example, children with autism often have severe gastrointestinal disorders in their clinical manifestations. A largescale survey conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that children with autism have a higher proportion of gastrointestinal diseases. Scientists at Caltech and other collaborating universitiesb fed Bacteroides fragilis to mice with autism, improving their intestinal permeability and making their intestinal microbial population closer to normal mice. They found that those mice became more flexible and had their anxiety and other symptoms reduced. Metabolomic analysis of mouse serum revealed that gut bacteria affect the behavior of mice by affecting the levels of some metabolites. Injecting one of these metabolites into normal mice can lead to abnormal behavior.
Nanotechnology and Probiotics
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Francine Schütz, Sofia Pinheiro, Rita Oliveira, Pedro Barata
Probiotic intervention has even shown useful in neurological disorders, with the microbiota-gut-brain axis being described as an interactive, bi-directional exchange of regulatory signals between the GI tract and central nervous system (CNS) (Dinan and Cryan, 2017). Psychobiotic are bacteria which act on a gut-brain axis through the production and delivery of neuroactive substances, thus modulating mood and cognition, sleep, and appetite (Dinan et al., 2013; Kali, 2016).
More than a gut feeling: What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in female athlete health?
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Jamie N. Pugh, Katherine M. Lydon, Ciara M. O’Donovan, Orla O’Sullivan, Sharon M. Madigan
Activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) result in an increase in noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters which flood the peripheral tissues, including the GI tract. This link with the GI tract is known as the gut–brain–axis, which is the term given to link between the central (CNS) and enteric nervous systems (ENS), which further incorporate the ANS and the immune and endocrine systems to facilitate communication. Alterations in the gut microbiome can be communicated to the CNS directly via the vagus nerve, resulting in an appropriate CNS response (Dalton et al., 2019), or via other pathways, including neurotransmitters. While data in female athletes is lacking, the bi-directional relationship between some neurotransmitters and the GI tract could in part explain differences in GI function and symptom prevalence between male and female athletes. For example, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and can be produced by commensal gut bacteria (Clarke et al., 2013). In the GI tract, it affects motility, oesophageal sphincter relaxation and transit time (Hyland & Cryan, 2010). Jiang and colleagues (2019), reported that, in mice, higher circulating oestrogen resulted in reductions in gastric motility via differences in the modulation of GABAergic modulation of vagal output to the stomach.
Altered gut microbiota richness in individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprain
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Masafumi Terada, Masataka Uchida, Tadashi Suga, Tadao Isaka
Based on our findings, gut microbiota is a potential target for future clinical interventions for a LAS. Gut microbiota can be modifiable with therapeutic interventions, including diet, probiotic supplementation, lifestyle change, exercises, and faecal microbiota transplantation (Arora et al., 2021; D’Amato et al., 2020; Du et al., 2021; Gubert et al., 2020; Lew et al., 2019; Li et al., 2021; Tillisch et al., 2013). Recently, intervention strategies for a LAS have focused on addressing changes in CNS plasticity and neurocognitive function to improve patient outcomes (Bruce et al., 2020; Mohammadi et al., 2021). Human and animal studies have reported that diet-based intervention and faecal microbiota transplantation have been effective in improving CNS function and restoring the balance of gut-brain axis (D’Amato et al., 2020; Du et al., 2021; Lew et al., 2019; Tillisch et al., 2013). Modulation of gut microbiota diversity through clinical interventions may become a future novel approach for the treatment of a LAS to restore CNS function and control inflammatory response to injury. It remains unknown what clinical interventions for patients with a LAS would be most effective in modulating gut microbiota and if modulation of gut microbiota can improve patient outcomes. Clinical intervention trials are required to evaluate microbiota-based interventions as an effective as an adjunct with current managements for a LAS.
The intestinal microbiota in health and disease
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Andrew S. Day, Jacqueline I. Keenan, Gerald W. Tannock
Finally, Heenan et al. (2020) examine the relevance of the intestinal microbiota in the setting of irritable bowel disease (IBS), a common functional disorder leading to significant morbidity in New Zealanders. Perturbations of the intestinal microbiota following an enteric infection, such as Campylobacter pylori, are noted to lead to increased rates of IBS (Svendsen et al. 2019). These observations lead us to further understand the importance of the fine-tuned balance within the community of the intestinal microbiota and also to demonstrate the close relationships between the microbiota, the enteric nervous system and intestinal motility, highlighting the likelihood that these interactions are not isolated to immediate relationships within the gut, but may also involve the gut-brain axis and other body systems.