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Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Gastric and Colonic Diseases
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Kainat Alam, Sarwar Beg, Kumar Anand, Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain, Arijit Guha, Muhammad Afzal, Imran Kazmi, Rehan Abdur Rub, Sanmoy Karmakar
Irritable bowel syndrome is a disease of gastrointestinal tract characterized by abdominal pain, irregularities in stool and bloating. Its global prevalence is 11.2% with 5–10% reported for Europe, China, and the United States. Pain syndromes, overactive bladder, and migraine are the somatic comorbidities linked to IBS. Psychiatric conditions include depression and anxiety. Visceral sensitivity has also been found to be associated with IBS. According to population-oriented studies, it is highly prevalent in female sex with a ratio of 1.67. Risk factors include sex (female), Age (>50 years), Birth cohort, Breastfeeding (<6 months), Herbivore pet in childhood, birth weight (low), and body mass index (low). It has been found that there is an increase in colon muscle contraction in IBS as compared to non-IBS patients. Diet rich in fibers is a good way to ward of IBS. Similarly, colostrum has been found to be of significant importance in the treatment of IBS (Malagelada et al., 2006).
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea/constipation, wind and bloating are commonly due to irritable bowel syndrome, which is a clinical diagnosis. If there are atypical features or late onset, other tests such as colonoscopy or CTC may be required to exclude more serious disease.
Psychopharmacology in Aviation
Published in Carrie H. Kennedy, Gary G. Kay, Aeromedical Psychology, 2013
Bradford C. Ashley, Gary G. Kay
In addition to considering the medications themselves, there are a limited number of psychiatric conditions for which an aviator would be considered suitable for medical certification (with or without an aeromedical waiver). This allows for the elimination of a great number of potential psychiatric medications from this discussion. Medications that are normally used to treat serious psychiatric illness (for example, psychosis) can be eliminated from this discussion. Among the medications to be excluded from discussion would be antipsychotic medications (including newer generation atypical antipsychotics), mood stabilizers, older-generation antidepressant medications, and dementia medications. All of these medications are used to treat conditions deemed far too unsafe for aeromedical waiver. This raises another common concern regarding the broad use of modern psychiatric medication for non-psychiatric illness. For example, Bupropion, a common antidepressant medication is known to be useful in helping patients stop smoking (Culbertson et al. 2011), carries a label indicating its use for smoking cessation. This opened the door for anyone who wanted to take this medication to obtain the drug by asking their primary care provider for something to help them quit smoking. This “backdoor” to the medication made it possible to be prescribed an antidepressant medication for a non-psychiatric condition. Similarly, SSRI medications are prescribed for a number of health conditions including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; Tack et al. 2006) and premenstrual syndrome (Shah et al. 2008) further opening the door to the use of psychiatric medications for non-psychiatric indications. This ability to be prescribed psychiatric medication for non-psychiatric indications can make it difficult to know the true reason a person is being treated with antidepressant medication. Aeromedical regulatory agencies have disqualified aviators taking these prohibited medications even if they had been prescribed the medication for a non-psychiatric condition. In summary, any medication used in aviation medicine or psychiatry must not have significant effects on a pilot’s ability to safely operate their aircraft, regardless of the condition for which the medication is being prescribed.
More than a gut feeling: What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in female athlete health?
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Jamie N. Pugh, Katherine M. Lydon, Ciara M. O’Donovan, Orla O’Sullivan, Sharon M. Madigan
Another factor to consider in athletes is the potential for undiagnosed incidences of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS is a chronic gut disorder that affects significant numbers of people in the general population. Meta-analysis data shows a prevalence of 11.2% amongst the general population, with females having a slightly higher prevalence (14.0%) compared to males (9.87%) (Lovell & Ford, 2012). To date, there is no data on the potential prevalence of IBS amongst elite athletes. A recent investigation found that IBS was underdiagnosed amongst competitive endurance athletes, with females having 4.9 times higher odds of IBS diagnosis (Killian & Lee, 2019). While differences in symptom prevalence between males and females were found at rest, there was no significant difference between symptoms experienced during or after training and competition. This distinction between those GI symptoms experienced at rest and those during exercise is of importance given the likely different aetiologies.
Irritable bowel syndrome and the gut microbiota
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Phoebe E. Heenan, Jacqueline I. Keenan, Simone Bayer, Myrthe Simon, Richard B. Gearry
IBS is a common, chronic, and distressing FGID characterised by pain and a change in bowel habit in the absence of an obvious physical cause (Tack and Drossman 2017). Diagnosis is based on the presentation of these symptoms according to the validated Rome IV criteria (Drossman 2016). Based on patients’ predominant bowel habit, IBS is subtyped into diarrhoea (IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), or a mixed phenotype (IBS-M) (Tack and Drossman 2017). Post infectious (Pi-) IBS, in which patients develop ongoing IBS symptoms after contracting an infectious gastroenteritis is also considered an IBS subtype (Spiller and Lam 2012). The global prevalence of IBS is estimated to be around 11% (Lovell and Ford 2012; Sperber et al. 2017) and constitutes a major health problem in the western world due to significant direct and indirect health care costs and a decreased quality of life (Buono et al. 2017). However, due to its multifactorial pathophysiology there is neither consensus concerning the aetiology nor reliable biological markers for IBS diagnosis. Patients’ responses to treatment are also variable (Mujagic et al. 2017). There is evidence of multiple biological system dysfunction in IBS patients compared to healthy controls, but current understanding of this disorder is that symptoms arise from dysregulation of the BGA (Quigley 2018). The BGA describes the bidirectional communication between the cognitive and emotional areas of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral functions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This is mediated by neurons, hormones, neurotransmitters, and the immune system (Bonaz et al. 2018; Florens et al. 2019; Parker et al. 2019) as well as the gut microbiota (Pusceddu et al. 2018). The GIT contains more than 100 different bacterial species which perform different functions in the gut, including developing and maintaining the gut epithelial barrier, protecting the host from pathogen colonisation, modulation of the immune and nervous systems, and digestion of dietary components (Sánchez et al. 2017). There is significant inter-individual variation of the gut microbiota, which is governed by the environment and host genetics (Rothschild et al. 2018; Johnson et al. 2019), as well as differences between healthy individuals and those with disease (Zhuang et al. 2017). Recently, the functions of the microbiota in healthy individuals have been shown to be compromised in IBS patients (Sundin et al. 2017).