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The EPS Matrix of Aerobic Granular Sludge
Published in Y.V. Nancharaiah, Vayalam P. Venugopalan, Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
Y.V. Nancharaiah, M. Sarvajith, V.P. Venugopalan
Fluorophores specific for carbohydrates and proteins are used to selectively stain the EPS matrix components in intact and hydrated granules (Table 2). Fluorescence microscope is then used for visualization of the EPS components. McSwain et al. (2005) have applied three fluorophores to visualize the distribution of cells, proteins and polysaccharides. Fluorescein iosthiocyanate (FITC), Concanavalin A with texas red and Syto 63 were used, respectively, to stain proteins (amino acids of proteins and amino sugars of EPS), carbohydrates (α-mannopyranosyl and α-glucopyranosyl sugar residues) and cells. After staining, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used for visualizing differential distribution of cells, polysaccharides and proteins in the intact granules.
Development and Application of Phase Change Materials in the Biomedical Industry
Published in Atul Sharma, Amritanshu Shukla, Renu Singh, Low Carbon Energy Supply Technologies and Systems, 2020
Abhishek Anand, Amritanshu Shukla, Atul Sharma
The WBCs play an important role in the immune response. WBCs come in various shapes and sizes. Some cells have a nucleus with lobes, and others have one single round nucleus. WBCs can be classified into three types: granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes. Granulocytes have granules in the cytoplasm. They account for 60% of our WBCs. They engulf and destroy invading bacteria and viruses. Granulocytes are further divided into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are the main phagocytes. They are the first responders to the site of any inflammation. Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions and asthma. They kill multicellular organisms, particularly worms. Basophils are about 0.5%–1% of the total WBCs. They are concerned with allergic reactions. They release histamine and serotonin that augments inflammation. They also release heparin, which prevents blood from clotting. Monocytes are divided into dendritic cells and macrophages. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the antigen-presenting cells. DCs can point out foreign cells that have to be destroyed by the lymphocytes. Macrophages destroy and engulf foreign cells in the process called phagocytosis. Lymphocytes are also the body’s immune cells, which are categorized into B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Both B cells and T cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. Some travel to the thymus, where they convert to T cells, and others stay in the bone marrow, where they become B cells. B cells release antibodies that are Y shaped and bind to the infected cells or microbes. It offsets the target microbes or smears it to be attacked by T cells. T cells are further categorized into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells release cytokines that facilitate other WBCs. Cytotoxic T cells kill viruses and other cancerous cells. The memory T cell is an experienced cell because of a previous infection or vaccination. During a later encounter, it can generate a superior immune response. Regulatory T cells stop other T cells from earmarking body cells.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
The FLG monomers take part in SC formation. In this process, FLG monomers bind to keratin filaments, aggregating them into keratin fibrils organized in parallel bundles to form a matrix that provides rigidity to the overall structure, which are the major constituents of corneocytes (Egawa and Kabashima 2018; Norlén and Al-Amoudi 2004). Corneocytes generate a network within a lipid-rich extracellular matrix and produce compaction of keratinocytes. In the process of compacting keratinocytes, corneocytes are denucleated and flattened, and the intercellular space between them filled with lipids from the lamellar bodies (Egawa and Kabashima 2018). Lamellar bodies are membrane-circumscribed granules produced by keratinocytes from SG and contain lipids, corneodesmosin, and kallikreins (Egawa and Kabashima 2018). These lipids are mainly ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. The secretion of the content of lamellar bodies into the extracellular space enables the covalent attachment of o-hydroxylated ceramides and fatty acids to cornified envelope proteins, forming a lipid-bound envelope (Hill, Paslin, and Wertz 2006). Then, lysosomal enzymes, which need an acidic pH optimum, degrade the polar lipid precursor to hydrophobic ceramides, generating an intact permeability barrier, and is responsible for the acidic pH of the skin (Doering et al. 1999).
Potential effect of Turbinaria decurrens acetone extract on the biochemical and histological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Omnia Hamdy Abdel-Karim, Atef Mohamed Abo-Shady, Gehan Ahmed Ismail, Saly Farouk Gheda
The pancreas is a mixed gland formed of exocrine and endocrine parts. The exocrine part includes the pancreatic acini which secrete enzymes and the endocrine part includes the islets of Langerhans which secrete pancreatic hormones. A histological investigation of the normal pancreas from the untreated normal control rats showed that acinar pancreatic cells comprise pyramidal shape including basal rounded nuclei. The head of each pyramidal cell holds acidophilic granules, and the basal portion is basophilic. The islets of Langerhans are rounded or oval, rich in blood capillaries, and distributed between acinar cells (Figure 4a). In the same direction, the pancreatic sections of normal rats treated with T. decurrens AE (300 and 150 mg/kg) showed most probably normal architecture of pancreas compared to untreated normal rats (Figure 4 b & Figure 4 c).
Association of systemic inflammation and coagulation biomarkers with source-specific PM2.5 mass concentrations among young and elderly subjects in central Tehran
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri, Sina Taghvaee, Amirhosein Mousavi, Mohammad H. Sowlat, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Homa Kashani, Sasan Faridi, Masud Yunesian, Kazem Naddafi, Constantinos Sioutas
Complementary studies have indicated the significant linkage between the above listed blood biomarkers and several adverse health endpoints (Brook et al. 2010; Velde, van Der, Meijers, and de Boer 2014). For instance, Velde, van Der, Meijers, and de Boer (2014) showed an association between elevated hsCRP blood biomarker with heart disease and mortality. In addition, WBC counts were associated with the enhanced coronary heart disease occurrence as well as cardiovascular illnesses (Kim et al. 2017b). vWF, a blood glycoprotein involved in hemostasis and stored in endothelial cell and platelet granules (Croft et al. 2017) was demonstrated to be significantly associated with myocardial infarction, strokes, and cardiovascular disorders (Green et al. 2017). Multiple sclerosis (Ribeiro et al. 2019), mortality in the elderly (Bruunsgaard et al. 2003), diabetic kidney, and heart disease (Carlsson et al. 2016) were also found to be associated with increased levels of sTNF-RII. Finally, IL-6, a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine, was shown to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (Heikkilä, Ebrahim, and Lawlor 2008; Lowe et al. 2014) as well as mortality in seniors (Lee et al. 2012).