Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
White Blood Cell Classification Using Conventional and Deep Learning Techniques
Published in Archana Mire, Vinayak Elangovan, Shailaja Patil, Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis, 2022
P. Pandiyan, Rajasekaran Thangaraj, S. Srinivasulu Raju, Vishnu Kumar Kaliappan, B. Lalitha
Each blood cell has different functionalities for organs of the body. WBCs are mainly accountable for the immunity development of the body, which acts as an opponent to disease-causing foreign elements. WBCs are generated from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. Depending upon nucleus structures, WBCs are classified into five categories: basophil (0–1%), lymphocyte (20–45%), eosinophil (1–5%), neutrophil (50–70%), and monocyte (2–10%) [2]. These are again clustered into two major categories, namely granulocytes and agranulocytes, depending upon the presence of granules in the cytoplasm, shown in Figure 3.1. Granulocytes are WBCs with visible granules, whereas agranulocytes do not have visible granules when examined under a microscope [3]. The content of these WBC types reflects the health of the patient.
Platelet dynamics in blood flow
Published in Annie Viallat, Manouk Abkarian, Dynamics of Blood Cell Suspensions in Microflows, 2019
Jawaad Sheriff, Danny Bluestein
Central to hemostasis and thrombosis is the platelet. In humans, platelets are anucleate cells about 2 to 5 μm in diameter and 0.5 to 1 μm in thickness, with a lifespan of up to 10 days in the circulation [229]. Their discoid shape consists of lipid bilayer membrane with a rugose appearance enveloping a spectrin-based shell, a peripheral circumferential coil of microtubules, a cytoskeletal network of contractile actin microfilaments, and a viscous cytoplasm. Vesicles and organelles such as the protein-rich α granules, mineral-containing dense bodies, electron-dense clusters, lysosomes, glycosomes, and mitochondria are housed in the cytoplasm [229]. Due to their small size and shape, they are pushed by flowing blood to the periphery of the blood vessel wall, composed of endothelial cells, allowing them to rapidly detect and respond to vascular damage. In the so-called cell-depleted layer, platelets interact with surface proteins on the blood vessel wall and soluble factors released into blood, and quickly bind, spread, secrete, and interact with each other to form a fibrin plug to cover the damaged endothelium. As the platelets spread, their morphology changes from their resting discoid shape and start to project spiny filopods and sheet-like lamellipods, which recruit additional platelets and secure a firm adhesion to the injury site, respectively. The progression of recruitment leads to a growing thrombus. Initial events in flow-mediated thrombosis are summarized in Figure 7.1.
Short-term exposure of female BALB/cJ mice to e-cigarette aerosol promotes neutrophil recruitment and enhances neutrophil-platelet aggregation in pulmonary microvasculature
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Hunter T. Snoderly, Hassan Alkhadrawi, Dhruvi M. Panchal, Kelly L. Weaver, Jenna N. Vito, Kasey A. Freshwater, Stell P. Santiago, I. Mark Olfert, Timothy R. Nurkiewicz, Margaret F. Bennewitz
Alternatively, Corriden et al. (2020) showed that EC-exposed neutrophils appear less responsive to ROS-mediated NETosis. Thus, if neutrophil responses to ROS were also impaired in the model utilized in the current study, it might explain why no increase was detected in NET-like structures in EC-exposed mice. Neutrophils themselves may produce fewer ROS as a consequence of apparent reduction in azurophilic granule release as evidenced by the observed reduced MPO activity presence. In any case, it should be noted that the measured ROS levels in plasma may not correlate reliably with the oxidative functionality of the neutrophils found which may be being stimulated toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype within the pulmonary vasculature. In addition, aside from neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are also potent producers of ROS; however, ROS production within specific subsets of cells was not conducted. Assessing this might better explain the observed results. Further investigations examining 1) total antioxidant capacity, 2) presence of specific oxidative species, 3) activities of antioxidative enzymes, and 4) oxidative capacity of neutrophils and macrophages isolated specifically from lung tissue might better contextualize these data in relation to the altered redox state noted in e-cigarette users.
Mechanistic study on the ferric chloride-based rapid cultivation and enhancement of aerobic granular sludge
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yuxin Lin, Yuyin Wang, Wei Wang, Tianwei Hao, Kuizu Su
This study used a chemical flocculant, FeCl3·6H2O, to improve aerobic granulation. The findings lead to the following conclusions: Although the sludge's microbial community was screened using selection pressure, the granulation in R1 took 24 days to complete. After adding the flocculant FeCl3·6H2O, the sludge was fully granulated in R2 in only 15 days, significantly reducing the start-up time of the aerobic granular sludge system.With the regulation of adding the flocculant, more biomass was retained, and the sedimentation performance of the sludge was also significantly improved during the commissioning period.The addition of flocculant stimulated the secretion of TB-EPS, increased the protein and polysaccharide content, and induced granule formation. Besides, the emergence of a new genus enhanced the treatment performance, resulting in an increase in COD, PO43–P, and NH4+-N removal efficiency. This showed that the flocculant improved the biochemical properties of granular sludge.
A novel insight to screen the optimal spray-drying protectants and parameters for manufacturing lactic acid bacteria preparations
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Zhuo Zhang, Sen Peng, Xiaoqi Sun, Yu Jie, Hongfei Zhao, Baoqing Zhu, Piotr Dziugan, Bolin Zhang
Normally, cell injury during spray-drying may result from dehydration and thermal inactivation.[39]Figure 5 shows the scanning electron photomicrographs of the microstructure of the spray dried strain LH-9 powders. As shown in Figure 5(A), strain LH-9 powder produced without the protectant is a dense granule with a loose and disordered arrangement. It suggests that strain LH-9 cells were damaged and disintegrated during spray drying. On the contrary, the photomicrograph in Figure 5(B) shows that the surface of spray dried powder of strain LH-9 with the complex protectant is smooth without cracks arranged as a network. Furthermore, the internal bacterial cells are not observed, which illuminates that strain LH-9 cells were covered by the complex protectant in the microcapsule and avoided thermal damage from spray drying. Figure 5(C) shows the microstructure of strain LH-9 in the presence of skim milk. This had a wrinkled surface and spherical shape with concavity but no cracks or fissures. As reported in previous studies, this kind of microcapsule is directly related to the conditions during spray drying, particularly to the heat penetration and water evaporation.[4]