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A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The cells undergoing necrosis typically reveal quick swelling, lose the integrity of the membrane, hinder metabolism and discharge their contents into the environment. Cells that undergo rapid necrosis in vitro do not have enough time or energy to activate the machinery of apoptosis and so will not express apoptotic markers. Apoptosis is characterized by unique cytological and molecular actions that include a modification in the refractive index of the cell, nuclear condensation, cytoplasmic shrinkage and cleavage of DNA into regularly sized fragments. Cells in a culture that endure apoptosis eventually undergo secondary necrosis. They will stop metabolism, lose membrane integrity and lyse (Riss et al., 2004).
Wetlands Microbiology: Form, Function, Processes
Published in Donald A. Hammer, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, 2020
Ralph J. Portier, Stephen J. Palmer
The cytoplasm is the internal environment of the cell. It is a colloidal system containing salts, sugars, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, granules, and other materials characteristic of a particular organism. The cytoplasm contains most of the enzymes necessary for metabolic processes of the cell and growth of the organism. Bacteria are procaryotic cells, that is, they do not have a true nucleus. The procaryotic cell has none of the specialized structures found in eucaryotic cells — no mitochondria for respiration, no endoplasmic reticulum as an extension of the cell membrane, no lysosomes with hydrolylic enzymes, and no Golgi apparatus to transport metabolic products.6 The procaryotic nucleus has no membrane and does not undergo mitosis. The nuclear region is a weakly contrasting area that contains thin, fibrillar deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material. Sometimes more than one nuclear region is seen, but each probably contains only a single DNA molecule.
Genes and Genomics
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is only present in eukaryotic cells and is the transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations, as compared to molecules that will float freely in the cytoplasm. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosome on its surface and secretes proteins into the cytoplasm, and the smooth ER, which lacks them. Smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release.
Cadmium induces cytotoxicity in normal mouse renal MM55.K cells
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Ho Jeong Lee, Ju Hong Lee, Seon Min Lee, Na Hyun Kim, Yeon Gyu Moon, Tae Kil Tak, Moonjung Hyun, Jeong Doo Heo
Apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, is defined by morphological change such as cytoplasmic shrinking, extensive plasma membrane blebbing, and formation of nuclear condensation. Apoptosis proceeds through two main pathways, the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Caspases, a family of cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, play critical roles in the initiation and execution of apoptosis. In addition, mitochondrial proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family proteins are important for apoptosis regulation. These proteins could be either pro-apoptotic, such as Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, or antiapoptotic, such as Bcl-extra large (Bcl-xL) (Hatok and Racay 2016). Furthermore, the AKT signaling pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPKs) regulate cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis (Wada and Penninger 2004).
Genetic ethics and mtDNA replacement techniques
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
The mitochondria are essential structures housed in the cytoplasm of cells which convert caloric energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Genetics Home Reference 2017). There are thirty-seven genes in mtDNA of which thirteen are responsible for providing instructions for creating ATP and the rest are responsible for creating structures that help transfer amino acids into functioning proteins: transfer and ribosomal RNA (tRNA and rRNA) (Genetics Home Reference 2017). During fertilization mtDNA is inherited maternally since the egg provides the cytoplasm and all structures housed within it, for the entire embryo (Castro 2016). The number of mitochondria present in cells varies; for example, muscle cells have thousands of mitochondria present, but red blood cells have little to none (Castro 2016). When an individual has an mtDNA mutation, either all (homoplasmy) or some (heteroplasmy) of the copies of the mitochondria carry the mutation, which causes the expression of the mitochondrial disease to vary (Castro 2016).
Structurally improved reduced graphene oxide nanocluster structured assembly with Naringin for the effective photothermal therapy of colon tumour patients and nursing care management
Published in Molecular Physics, 2020
Liwei Han, Juan Tan, Jing Li, Tianyu Meng, Yuhang Wang, Sisi Wang
AO-EB staining techiniques is generally used to observe the apoptosis inducing property of nanocomposites. Cells undergoing apoptosis was monitored by morphological changes like cytoplasmic shrinkage, membrane blebbing and nuclear condensation. HT-29 cell are stained by acridine orange and ethidium bromide, following 24 h incubation with Naringin, rGO@Nar and rGO@Nar + NIR. AO can stain live and dead cells and shows green fluorescence. EB stained cells that have lost their membrane integrity and displays red fluorescence. Necrotic cells are stained in red but have nuclear morphologies that resemble those of live cells [72]. The results demonstrated that rGO produced morphological changes that are characteristic of apoptosis. The first events of apoptosis show signs of cellular pyknosis as well as shrinkage. The latter is caused by condensation of organelles with increased density of cytoplasm, whereas pyknosis is the highest significant characteristic of early apoptosis. Previously several reports are shows that the rGO and non-targeted drugs shows remarkable apoptosis with various cancer cells. Hence, this is the first example for rGO with non-targeted anticancer drugs naringin, it established that rGO@Nar and rGO@Nar + NIR effectively killing cancer cells without affecting non-cancerous cells.