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Pharmacokinetic analysis
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Osmotic pumps are small implantable devices that can be used to deliver a drug at a constant infusion rate to a specific site in the body for very long periods of time. An example is the DUROS® osmotic pump (Wright et al., 2001) that was developed to deliver the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprolide for the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The DUROS osmotic pump is made from a cylindrically shaped piece of titanium alloy and measures 4 mm in diameter and 45 mm in length. Serum leuprolide levels of about 1 ng mL−1 for long periods of time will reduce serum testosterone levels in humans to below castration levels, which is important in controlling the growth of prostate cancer cells. The device is inserted subcutaneously and is designed to deliver leuprolide at a constant rate for up to 1 year.
Mortality of embryos, developmental disorders and changes in biochemical parameters in marsh frog (Rana ridibunda) tadpoles exposed to the water-soluble fraction of Kazakhstan crude oil and O-Xylene
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Leila Rakhmetullayevna Sutuyeva, Vance Lionel Trudeau, Tamara Minazhevna Shalakhmetova
For the production of eggs, both males and females were injected (5 μl/g body weight) with a mixture of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (0.4 µg/g) and metoclopramide (10 µg/g) according to the AMPHIPLEX method described by Trudeau et al. (2010) except drugs were dissolved in saline. Adult frogs were divided into groups of five individuals (three males and two females) into separate aquaria (three aquaria in total). After 2–3 d, three clutches of fertilized eggs were obtained. For experiments on embryotoxicity, eggs were taken randomly from each of the clutches and placed in Petri dishes after they reached the Gosner stage (Gs) 8–11 (Gosner 1960). The residual eggs were transferred into 100 L aquaria with clean dechlorinated aerated water at 23 ± 2°C for further development. Once tadpoles reached Gs 26, when they all began to feed and swim independently, they were randomly caught and allocated to 18 L aquaria (15 per tank) filled with 15 L of dechlorinated water for conducting a chronic experiment.