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Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
GnRH agonists (GnRHa) are those molecules which mimic the function of GnRH and stimulate release of LH and FSH. A continuous treatment with GnRHa results in down-regulation of LH and FSH production [130]. The continued use of GnRH superagonists results in drop of the levels of steroid hormones giving rise to no fertility conditions in males and females. The continuous use of GnRHa is therefore beneficial in cases like precocious puberty, endometriosis, and advanced metastatic breast and prostrates cancers [126]. The GnRH antagonists (GnRHag) function by acting as competitive inhibitors for the GnRH receptors. The GnRHag can be used to prevent surge of LH and thus ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome [130]. The list of GnRH agonist and antagonist is given in Table 2.13.
Endocrine system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Endocrine syndromes associated with pathology of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus include:Pituitary dwarfismHypoplasia of adenohypophysisEctopic neurohypophysisAbsent pituitary stalkCentral diabetes insipidusDysfunction of neurohypophysis or hypothalamus due to tumour, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, infection or traumaPrecocious pubertyHamartoma or other neoplasm of hypothalamusHypersecretion syndromesPituitary adenomas (see Table 12.1).
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Phthalates can cross the placental barrier. In males, they can cause hypospadias, underdeveloped sex organs at the time of birth, lower testosterone blood concentration levels, and benign tumors in the testicles [Kulik-Kupka et al. 2017]. Certain phthalate esters inhibit steroidogenesis in the Leydig cells [Kaltenecker Retto de Queiroz and Waissmann 2006]. They can contribute to a decrease in cognitive abilities, e.g., depth perception, memory, perception, overactivity, behavioral problems (aggression), or decrease in social skills. In women, exposure to phthalates may lead to precocious puberty, damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart [Kulik-Kupka et al. 2017].
Oxidant-antioxidant balance in girls with precocious puberty: a case–control study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Tülin Köksal, Sıddıka Songül Yalçin, Seyit Ahmet Uçartürk
Precocious puberty (PP) in girls is the appearance of secondary sex characters before 8 years old in girls, or below 2.5 standard deviations from the average age of puberty. A progressive decrease in the age of onset of puberty has been detected around the world. The underlying mechanisms are not known exactly, whereas it is thought to be due to the interaction of genetic, environmental, and endocrine factors (Carel and Leger 2008; Klein et al. 2017). Although several mechanisms have been discussed in early puberty, there has been no published report on oxidant-antioxidant status in girls with PP. The oxidant-antioxidant imbalance, whatever the reason, might result in DNA damage, and this condition has also been associated with several metabolic and endocrine disorders (Faienza et al. 2012; Ates et al. 2016).