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Cognitive technologies
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Repeated and/or significant exposure to toxic chemicals (neurotoxins) such as metals (e.g., lead, mercury), drugs (e.g., cocaine, alcohol), or other substances (e.g., paint, glue) can also cause cognitive impairment. The type of cognitive impairment created by neurotoxins depends on the type of toxin, the degree of exposure (how much was taken in, and for how long), and when the exposure occurred (whether the person affected was an infant, child, or adult). Typically, young children exposed to neurotoxins are more likely to develop cognitive disorders (because their brains are experiencing more rapid development) than adults (Burstein, Zhang, Levy, Aoki, & Brin, 2014). Tumors are masses of cells that grow and infiltrate the body. These masses of cells can be either benign (i.e., they can be removed and stop growing at that point) or malignant (i.e., they are difficult to remove and will continue to grow and spread). Both benign and malignant tumors in the brain can cause impaired cognitive functioning, depending on their size and location. The surgery required to treat either type can cause brain damage in and of itself. Those with malignant tumors will experience varying degrees of cognitive deficits as the cell mass presses on and destroys healthy tissue in the brain and spinal cord, blocks the fluid that flows around and through the brain, and/or causes swelling due to accumulation of fluid. Malignant tumors are often lethal (Zülch, 2013).
Brain Tumor Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network
Published in Krishna Kant Singh, Vibhav Kumar Sachan, Akansha Singh, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Deep Learning in Visual Computing and Signal Processing, 2023
M. Jayashree, Poornima Sridharan, V. Megala, R. K. Pongiannan
Brain tumor is one of the ruinous diseases, which leads to reduce the life span or even may cause death. Sometimes, wrong observations in medical diagnosis limit the percentage of survival. Appropriate observation and proper treatment may increase the rate of survival. In our human body, brain is the most complex organ with full of tissues, neurons which activates the body and control action of body. Brain tumor is a collection of cells which is abnormal and it lost their capability. To diagnose this disease, we need an accurate and proper treatment. Before the treatment, there should be analysis of the stage of tumor. Basically, noncancerous (benign) and cancerous (malignant) tumor are the two types of tumors. Benign grows very slowly and it can be removed because it doesn’t spread anywhere. But, malignant is a cancerous tumor spreads everywhere and has a rapid growth. Most common type of tumors are glioma and meningioma. For the classification and grading, computer-aided techniques are preferred. Most commonly used diagnostic technique is MRI which has more contrast on cancer tissues when compared to computed tomography (CT) images.19, 20
Biomedical Applications II: Influence of Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Therapy
Published in Giorgia Pastorin, carbon nanotubes, 2019
Fabbro Chiara, Toma Francesca Maria, Ros Tatiana Da
The biomedical nanotechnology approach (namely, nanomedicine} can be really useful in cancer therapy at three different stages of the tumoural process: early detection, imaging and therapeutic treatment of tumours.2 For instance, delivery systems make it possible to target therapeutic or contrast agents directly to the desired organ or tissue using nanovectors. They typically consist of a core decorated on the surface with targeting molecules and/ or solubilising agents and bearing inside therapeutic or imaging payloads (Fig. 3.1).
An efficient glioma classification and grade detection using hybrid convolutional neural network-based SVM model
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Gliomas [1] have been categorized into different types based on their symptoms. They can be malignant or benign. Tumor cells that do not actively multiply or infiltrate surrounding tissues are considered innocent in some cases. But Gliomas are almost always malignant and likely to spread. Treatment for a low-grade glioma can be beneficial. The behaviour of Glioma changes from patient to patient. The characteristics of Glioma depend on the type and malignancy level of the tumor. Brain tumors are classified by their cell type with a biopsy, which rarely is done before decisive brain surgery. Glioma is a brain cancer usually aggressive but not always. Tumor cells that do not actively develop or infiltrate neighbouring organs are classified as noncancerous in some cases. Glioma [2], are almost always malignant and has a strong tendency to spread. Oncologists often use ‘low-grade’ and ‘high-grade’ to describe how rapidly malignant gliomas spread. Low-grade gliomas are malignant tumors that form slowly but, if left untreated, can proceed to high-grade gliomas. Treatment for low-grade Glioma can be highly successful. Often, surgeons can altogether remove a tumor with no additional therapy, and the prognosis is typically good. Gliomas that are high-grade spread fast and necessitate various therapies to alleviate the discomfort and neurological problems they cause. Radiation treatment, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and other alternatives may be recommended to enhance a patient's prognosis and quality of life.
In vitro antibiofilm, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of the brown alga Padina pavonica biomass extract
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Mofida E. M. Makhlof, Mostafa M. El-Sheekh, Abeer I. M. EL-Sayed
Cancer is an unregulated cell growth capable of invading, metastasizing, and spreading to distant locations (El-Kassas and Attia 2014). With an estimated 5-year survival rate of 18%, lung cancer is the biggest cause of cancer-related death worldwide (Rebecca et al. 2016). Parallel to the development of new technology (e.g. molecular profiling and chemical plasticity), new biological therapies that focus on various tumor components have been made possible by developments in cancer biology. The natural history of several molecular subtypes of lung cancer has already been impacted by these treatments, and it is anticipated that this trend will persist in the coming years (Zugazagoitia et al. 2018). Table 4 illustrates the effect of P. pavonica methanolic extract on the viability of the lung carcinoma cell line, revealing that the algal extract had an anticancer effect against the lung carcinoma cell line at all its concentrations except at the first concentration (1 µg/mL) there was no effect on the viability of lung carcinoma cell line, with IC50 = 15.14 ± 1.08 µg/mL, and by the increasing algal extract concentration, the carcinoma cells’ viability decreases until it reaches (1.75%) at the highest algal extract concentration (500 µg/mL); this goes in harmony with Mofeed et al. (2021), who found that algal extracts exhibited significantly dose-dependent anticancer activity.
ERCNN-DRM: an efficient regularized convolutional neural network with a dimensionality reduction module for the classification of brain tumour in magnetic resonance images
Published in Automatika, 2023
Selvin Prem Kumar S, Agees Kumar C, Jemila Rose R
The brain tumour is an irregular development of brain tissue that may cause life loss in humans if left undetected. It should be diagnosed and properly treated at an early stage [1]. Till the signs have been noticed, tit can grow very large. Usually, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Images) and CT (Computer Tomography) images are preferred by radiologists to diagnose brain tumours [2]. The tumour may increase the brain pressure, force the brain against the skull, invading and destroying healthy brain tissue and nerves. The type of symptom detected is determined by the location of the brain tumour. This is because the same functions are regulated by various parts of the brain. Tumour types vary from person to person. They can be developed in a variety of ways, mature from several cell types and receive many treatments. Tumours may be benign and malign. The malign tumours are more dangerous than benign ones, and may grow fast and spread to other areas of the brain and spine [3]. Diagnosing the brain tumour and its type is a complicated and long process. The diagnosis of brain tumours can be aided by image processing techniques. Tumour treatment can be done with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation, only after the diagnosis. Hence, diagnosis is an important phase.