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Clinical Photodynamic Therapy: The Continuing Evolution
Published in Barbara W. Henderson, Thomas J. Dougherty, Photodynamic Therapy, 2020
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) that is refractory to at least two courses of intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy has a strong potential for life-threatening muscle or prostate invasion and subsequent or concurrent metastasis [3,12]. Such patients may also have received radiation therapy in the course of their treatment. Data from six studies reported from 1983 and 1988 has been recently reviewed [3]. All patients were reported to receive either HPD or Photofrin, and whole-bladder radiation was given in all cases, the majority by spherical light diffusers. Light doses varied from 45 to 10 J/cm2, and methods of determining fluence were not standardized. Of the 47 patients with refractory CIS reported in the literature, 46/47 (97.8%) were reported to have a complete response (negative cytology or biopsy), with follow-ups from a median of 3 to 12 months. Because of the small numbers of patients in this series and the varied methods of treatment, Lederle Laboratories is currently conducting a Phase II study in North America and in Europe for this indication (PDT as an alternative to cystectomy). All patients receive 2 mg/kg Photofrin, followed in 40–48 hr by whole-bladder PDT, using a spherical diffuser-tipped fiberoptic probe and a total light dose of 15 J/cm2.
Cervical Dysplasia Diagnosis with Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Published in Mary-Ann Mycek, Brian W. Pogue, Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, 2003
Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Rebekah Drezek, Karen Basen-Engquist, Scott B. Cantor, Urs Utzinger, Carrie Brookner, Michele Follen
The concept that invasive cervical cancer develops from an intraepithelial lesion was first proposed in the 1900’s by clinicians who recognized that intraepithelial lesions were frequently identified adjacent to invasive cancer. Many of the lesions identified were carcinoma in situ. Since the introduction of the Papanicolaou smear in the 1940’s, it was recognized that histologically less severe lesions than carcinoma in situ exist and if left untreated progress to carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer. In the 1960’s, on the basis of follow-up studies, electron microscopy, and clonality studies, Richart proposed that the precursor lesions formed a biologic continuum that he termed “cervical intraepithelial neoplasia” [22]. The continuum was based on the premise that precursor lesions and cancers share a common etiology and biology.
Deep Auto Encoder Based Extreme Learning System for Automatic Segmentation of Cervical Cells
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
T. S. Sheela Shiney, R. Jemila Rose
Herlev’s data set comprises 917 images with a division and classification of the image reality, each comprising a cervical cell. The images are classified by two cyto-technicians and a doctor into seven separate groups to make the diagnosis as healthy as possible. The seven classes are superficial squamous, intermediate squamous, columnar, mild dysplasia, moderate dysplasia severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Further seven classes are divided into two classes namely Classes 1–3 is normal and classes 4–7 is abnormal, as shown in Figure 1. Many abnormal cells, as can be shown, have a larger nucleus than regular cells. Nevertheless, the regular nucleus of the columnar may have a size comparable to extreme and/or a carcinoma nucleus (or may have comparable chromatin distributions).
Numerical algorithms for a free boundary problem model of DCIS and a related inverse problem
Published in Applicable Analysis, 2020
Keji Liu, Yongzhi Xu, Dinghua Xu
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to a specific diagnosis of cancer that is isolated within the breast duct, and has not spread to other parts of the breast. Mathematical modeling for the dynamical growth of DCIS was developed in [1,2], based on some earlier study results presented in, say, [1,3–16]. This DCIS model is a free boundary problem model. In order to investigate possible procedures to connect the free boundary model of DCIS with clinical data, Xu and his coauthors have carried out research on both mathematical analysis and numerical simulation aspects. In particular, a number of inverse problems for the free boundary valued problem related to clinical diagnose of cancer is formulated [2]. In a sequence of papers, Xu and his coauthors presented some mathematical analysis and numerical computation for some typical cases. However, mainly due to the difficulties caused by the time varying boundary, numerical simulations are very limited. Efficient numerical algorithms and computational simulations for both direct and inverse free boundary value problems are indispensably and urgently needed.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy and spectral camera techniques in detection of oral mucosal diseases: a narrative review of the state-of-the-art
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
Shekh Emran, Miia Hurskainen, Laura Tomppo, Reijo Lappalainen, Arja M. Kullaa, Sami Myllymaa
Fournier and Darier first introduced the name erythroplasia to describe a malignant dyskeratosis with the obscure aetiology in 1893 and termed it as épithéliome papillaire [15]. This rare lesion is typically asymptomatic, but a few patients may complain of a burning sensation in the mouth [15]. The most common locations of oral erythroplakia are the lateral surface of the tongue, the retromolar area, and the soft palate [17]. On biopsy and histopathologic assessment, oral erythroplakia regularly displays signs of severe epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or micro invasive carcinoma [15]. Oral erythroplakia carries the greatest potential for malignant transformation of all the OPMDs with a malignant transformation rate ranging from 14 to 50% [18] and thus early diagnosis and treatment of oral erythroplakia is crucial.