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Basic Understanding of Medical Imaging Modalities
Published in Sanjay Saxena, Sudip Paul, High-Performance Medical Image Processing, 2022
Pradeep Kumar, Subodh Srivastava, Rajeev Srivastava
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The micro biopsy is a relatively new biopsy technique which allows muscle physiologists to sample skeletal muscle less invasively. The sample size is too small. It seems insufficient for certain analysis [14]. Wireless capsule endoscopy is also one type of micro biopsy (Figure 1.13).
Texture Feature Extraction
Published in R. Suganya, S. Rajaram, A. Sheik Abdullah, Big Data in Medical Image Processing, 2018
R. Suganya, S. Rajaram, A. Sheik Abdullah
A biopsy is the usual method for finding the type of tumours present, but there is a very high risk of post biopsy haemorrhage. It is very difficult, even for experienced physicians, to diagnose the existence, type and the level of a disease in the liver. Therefore, a reliable non-invasive method for early detection and differentiation of these diseases is clearly desirable.
Investigation of IoMT-Based Cancer Detection and Prediction
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Meet Shah, Harsh Patel, Jai Prakash Verma, Rachna Jain
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by the unregulated growth of normal cells into tumor cells that happens in a multistage process. According to the World Health Organization, almost 19.3 million cancer cases were reported in 2020, and an estimated 28.4 million cases are projected to occur in 2040 [7]. Cancer is more likely to be treated successfully if diagnosed at an early stage. Moreover, early detection and diagnosis also decrease mental and physical pain suffered by patients. For example, 9 out of 10 patients diagnosed with lung cancer at its earliest stage survive for at least 1 year, which is reduced to just 2 out of 10 patients when lung cancer is diagnosed at the most advanced stage [8]. To detect lung cancer, there are many non-invasive imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scan, chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. To detect colon cancer, there is CT scan, colonography, and PET scan. Although these imaging methods can show the tumor size, shape, and position, they are sometimes followed by a biopsy to further determine whether the tumor is cancerous and the grade of cancer. Types of biopsy include endoscopic biopsy, where the doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope via the patient’s mouth or rectum to look for the tumor and also to collect a small tissue sample; needle biopsy, where the doctor uses a special needle to collect tissue samples from a suspicious area; or surgical biopsy, where the doctor makes an incision in the skin to access and collect tissue samples from a suspicious area. These biopsies provide a histological assessment of the microscopic structure of the tissue, and pathologists make the final diagnosis based on a visual inspection of histological samples under a microscope [9]. The process of microscopic examination of tissue to diagnose a disease is called histopathology [10].
Dual Stage Normalization Approach Towards Classification of Breast Cancer
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Biopsy is a surgical process, where a tissue is removed from any part of the body and examined for the existence, reason, and scope of the cancer. This process is usually carried out in a histology laboratory by a pathologist [9]. Histopathology refers to the process of studying specimen of tissue seen with the help of microscope for the detection of cancer [10]. With the onset of digital pathology, the biomedical experts can help in the detection of cancer by applying image processing methods. The spectrum is very large that we can use automated techniques from the start to end of the biopsy process [11–13]. To anticipate features of the breast tissue, immunohistochemical stains are used. Different types of staining exist. Hematoxylin–Eosin (H&E) staining is a popular staining technique to visualize the structures in tissue samples. H&E staining represents histological structures in a logical and distinct way. Tissue nuclei will be colored as blue or violet and eosinophilic texture will be colored as red or pink [14]. These colored specimens are examined by the pathologist under microscope with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera.
Novel 3D printing-based probe for impedance spectroscopic examination of oral mucosa: design and preliminary testing with phantom models
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Shekh Emran, Kimmo Laitinen, Reijo Lappalainen, Sami Myllymaa
The diagnosis of oral cancer and OPMDs currently relies on a histological and immunohistological analysis of surgically removed biopsies. The procedure involved in gathering the surgical biopsy is invasive, causing pain and discomfort for the patient. It is also expensive and time-consuming [8]. A non-invasive method for diagnosing OPMDs would overcome these problems and would allow affordable regular chairside screening (e.g., at dental clinics) at risk patients and could make possible regular screening of at-risk patients. This would be particularly beneficial in the treatment of oral cancer where the low survival rates are attributable to late diagnosis [9]. To prevent malignant transformation of these oral premalignant lesions, new non-invasive point-of-care detection techniques are urgently needed to address this global health problem.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy and spectral camera techniques in detection of oral mucosal diseases: a narrative review of the state-of-the-art
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2019
Shekh Emran, Miia Hurskainen, Laura Tomppo, Reijo Lappalainen, Arja M. Kullaa, Sami Myllymaa
The diagnosis of oral cancer and OPMDs currently relies on a histological and immunohistological analysis of surgically removed biopsies. The procedure involved in gathering the surgical biopsy is invasive, causing pain and discomfort for the patient. It is also expensive and time-consuming [9]. A non-invasive method for diagnosing OPMDs would overcome these problems and could make possible regular screening of at-risk patients. This would be particularly beneficial in the treatment of oral cancer where the low survival rates are attributable to late diagnosis. To prevent malignant transformation of these oral premalignant lesions, new non-invasive screening and detection techniques are urgently needed to address this global health problem. BIS, spectral camera imaging and other optical methods are promising novel techniques to detect abnormal changes in oral mucosal tissue. The previous research on these methods has shown that one method alone is not sufficient to produce reliable diagnostic results. However, two or more methods combined could provide reliable results as the methods would complement each other. The aim of this narrative review article is to evaluate the potential role of BIS and autofluorescence utilising spectral camera techniques in the assessment of oral mucosal health. Scientific publications related to BIS and spectral camera analysis of oral mucosal tissues were surveyed using databases such as PubMed and Scopus. We will also discuss future trends and strategies such as multimodal spectroscopic tools for providing real-time information on the status of oral mucosal health.