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Cognitive technologies
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Disruptions in the blood supply to the brain are one of the most common causes of brain damage. Strokes are caused by blockages to blood vessels (ischemic strokes) or by the bursting of a blood vessel (a hemorrhagic stroke). The risk factors for stroke include age, family history, heart disease, uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, and smoking. Common cognitive effects of stroke include impaired memory, language difficulties, and paralysis, but again, they depend on the part of the brain that is affected (Kelly-Hayes et al., 1998).
Experimental and numerical diagnosis of fatigue foot using convolutional neural network
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Abbas Sharifi, Mohsen Ahmadi, Mohammad Amin Mehni, Saeid Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi, Yaghoub Pourasad
The principle of muscle fatigue is an essential criterion in the physiotherapy of patients and injured athletes. Knowledge of muscle fatigue mechanisms is essential in designing a workout program that should be particularly relevant to injury, brain damage, spinal cord injury, and patients. Therapist rheumatology is necessary to consider the issue of muscle fatigue concerning patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Guillain Barrett (GB), or post-polio syndrome (Appel et al. 2007). Fatigue of the muscle is a state in which the muscle can contract and minimize the force produced. As muscle and functionality differ from person to person, the muscle fatigue threshold cannot be described as a simple function of time and range of muscle loading (Botterman et al. 1978). Surface Electromyography is one of the methods used to evaluate local muscle fatigue. Our suggestion is to review and measure patients' foot pressure and discover the relationship between foot pressure and individual fatigue. Fatigue measurement and quantification have been carried out, and numerous studies have been done (Cifrek et al. 2009). Today, the issue of fatigue and its ergonomics in the industrial world is seriously considered. It is crucial to overcome the defects of the previous strategies and minimize the calculation error. For the indication of muscular fatigue, it must be considered that the EMG amplitude and the EMG spectrum depend not only upon the fatigue state but also upon the produced muscle force (Luttmann et al. 2000).
Cognitive flexibility in humans and other laboratory animals
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Quenten Highgate, Susan Schenk
There are several approaches that have been used to identify regions in the human brain involved in cognitive flexibility. Lesion studies measure cognitive flexibility in subjects with known brain damage, often caused by a traumatic head injury or medical complication. If they perform poorly, the region damaged becomes implicated in cognitive flexibility. Others use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygen concentrations (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent; BOLD). Regions with a greater BOLD response are more active at that current time (Evers et al. 2007). Changes in functional activity can be assessed in healthy subjects or cognitively inflexible psychiatric populations to determine the regions involved in normal and abnormal cognitive flexibility, respectively. These approaches have broadly implicated the frontal cortex and basal ganglia in WCST (Drewe 1974; Robinson et al. 1980; Stuss et al. 2000; Monchi et al. 2001), attentional set shifting (Owen et al. 1993; Pantelis et al. 1999; Rogers et al. 2000; Hampshire and Owen 2006), reversal learning (Kringelbach and Rolls 2003; Hornak et al. 2004; Cools et al. 2006; Kehagia et al. 2014), and task-switching (McDowell et al. 1998; Cools et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2011; Dang et al. 2012) performance.
Multibody system modelling of unmanned aircraft system collisions with the human head
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2020
Borrdephong Rattanagraikanakorn, Derek I. Gransden, Michiel Schuurman, Christophe De Wagter, Riender Happee, Alexei Sharpanskykh, Henk A. P. Blom
Using the validated UAS model, impact simulation of the UAS collision on the human body was performed. The aim was to determine the impact severity of the UAS on the human body. Frontal, side and rear impacts were investigated, and the elevation angles were varied to simulate horizontal, angle and vertical impact cases. Based on the head injury criterion (HIC15), the results show that UAS horizontal impact can inflict HIC15 of more than 700. This means that serious head injury, such as skull fracture or brain damage, is probable. For neck injury, the prediction Nij criterion shows that there is a low chance of neck injury and vertical impact tends to inflict higher neck injury, but still within the Nij performance limits of 1. Therefore, based on the analysis in this paper, it can be concluded that the UAS with a mass of approximately 1.2 kg can inflict serious head injury on the human body.