China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Current State of Non-Viral Vector–Based mRNA Medicine Using Various Nanotechnology Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Kshama Patel, Preetam Dasika, Yashwant V. Pathak
Non-viral delivery methods are preferred when working with MSCs due to the multiple advantages they have. More specifically, liposomes and cationic polymers are used when working with MSCs. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer, which is an agent that is used when creating MSC from different sources.31 From the studies done so far, it has shown to be rather successful; however, more research has to be conducted to learn more in-depth information on the subject. It is more commonly used when working with DNA and is being experimented on with mRNA.31 Furthermore, in a study conducted on mice, the MSCs were tested using non-viral delivery methods in a laboratory.32 In this study, erythropoietin (EPO) was also used in order to develop red blood cells in bone marrow.32 This study showed that non-viral gene delivery into MSCs is more efficient and safer than using viral gene delivery methods.
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Erythropoietin (EPO) (hematopoietin) is a cytokine produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney that regulates red blood cell production. Low EPO levels, leading to a low turnover rate of red blood cells, is a feature of celiac disease.949,1061 This can lead to megaloblastic anemia, where red blood cells are large (macrocytic) and reduced in number due to impaired DNA synthesis. A recent hematological study on mice exposed to Roundup at subacute levels for just 15 days revealed an anemic syndrome in both male and female mice with a significant reduction in the number of erythrocytes and in hemoglobin, reduced hematocrit and increased mean corpuscular volume, indicative of macrocytic anemia.1062
Bioartificial organs
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The kidney not only provides a filtration and waste removal function but also provides several other important functions that are important to the metabolic, immune, and endocrine systems of the body. For example, erythropoietin is released by specialized cells found in the kidney in response to hypoxia. Erythropoietin is a major stimulus for the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Uremic patients therefore suffer from anemia. Low blood pressure causes the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells that are found in the kidney. Renin initiates the formation of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, that results in an increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin II also acts on the kidneys, decreasing the excretion of both salt and water. This expands the extracellular fluid volume with the result that the blood pressure is increased. The kidneys are also responsible for the conversion of vitamin D into a substance* that promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestine. Without this substance, the bones become severely weakened because of the loss of calcium. These other very important functions that are performed by the healthy kidney are therefore compromised as a result of kidney failure.
Metabolic adaptations to endurance training and nutrition strategies influencing performance
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2019
Conrad P. Earnest, Jeff Rothschild, Christopher R. Harnish, Alireza Naderi
The trainable physiological determinants of endurance performance can be broadly categorized by improvements to maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), lactate threshold (LT), and efficiency. The latter is defined as the oxygen cost for a given power output or running speed (Joyner & Coyle, 2008). While a high VO2max is regarded as a requisite for elite endurance performance (Bassett & Howley, 2000), the LT is also important, particularly among athletes with similar VO2max’s (Joyner & Coyle, 2008). Oxygen carrying capacity and extraction via aerobic enzymes and mitochondrial density play a key role in the LT, and appear to be most mutable to training and detraining and arguably more trainable than VO2max (Chi et al., 1983; Dudley, Abraham, & Terjung, 1982). Erythropoietin (EPO) functions to stimulate red blood cell production and is involved in regulating plasma volume changes (Sitkowski, Szygula, Pokrywka, Turowski, & Malczewska-Lenczowska, 2018), which are critical for endurance performance given the strong relationships between VO2max, maximal cardiac output, and red blood cell volume (Lundby, Montero, & Joyner, 2017). Recent research also demonstrates a relationship between submaximal endurance performance and the ability to modulate pain (Flood, Waddington, & Cathcart, 2017). Beyond training, nutritional strategies can vary widely according to individual needs even at the elite level. For example, case studies have shown that athletes can be successful with markedly different training (Plews & Laursen, 2017) and dietary approaches (T. Stellingwerff, 2016; Webster, Swart, Noakes, & Smith, 2018).
Using chemical chaperones to increase recombinant human erythropoietin secretion in CHO cell line
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Mehri Mortazavi, Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar, Soroush Sardari, Kayhan Azadmanesh, Reza Mahdian, Hooman Kaghazian, Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini, Mohammad Hossein Hedayati
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone which is used in primary (kidney failure or thalassemia like ALL) or secondary (HIV or malignancy) anemic individuals.[9,10] EPO, which is produced in kidney and plays a role in hematopoiesis, consists of 165 amino acids and three glycosylation sites.[11,12] It is available as a recombinant protein with different trademarks produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.