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Cardiovascular system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Dyspnoea may have a variety of causes including cardiac and respiratory diseases, anaemia and anxiety states. Certain features in the clinical history may be helpful in diagnosis, such as whether dyspnoea is acute or chronic, worse at night, or accentuated by lying down (orthopnoea). Initial tests include full blood count, ECG and CXR, followed by pulmonary function tests when a respiratory cause such as emphysema or asthma is suspected. Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is the most common cardiac cause of dyspnoea. CCF may be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction, or a combination of the two. Systolic dysfunction refers to reduction of the amount of blood pumped due to failure of ventricular contraction. Diastolic dysfunction refers to failure of ventricular relaxation between contractions leading to reduced filling of the ventricular chambers.
Transmitral Flow Analysis by Means of Computational Fluid Dynamics on Unstructured Grids
Published in J. Middleton, M. L. Jones, G. N. Pande, Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering – 2, 2020
C. Capozzolo, F. M. Denaro, F. Sarghini
Diastolic dysfunction is a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure, it is an important cause of cardiac morbidity and it seems to be one of the most premature alteration in many pathological conditions that affect the heart. Several indexes obtained from the Doppler derived velocity/time profiles are currently employed to characterise the diastolic function of the heart. Nevertheless, what we evaluate represent always a measurement of the filling and not of the actual function and some researches have demonstrated inconclusive, if not contradictory, relationships with the invasive parameters. Many times, clinicians adopt the Bernoulli equation to correlate velocity and pressure. Unfortunately, the required hypotheses for the validity of the
Intraventricular vector flow mapping by 3-D doppler echo
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
F. Vixege, P.Y Courand, F. Nicoud, D. Vray, D. Garcia
Heart failure is the cardiomyopathy that will have the greatest impact on the lives of French in the coming decades. It is a cardiac disease that affects the ability of the heart to meet the oxygen needs of the organs. It involves more than 1 M people in France, and its prevalence will double by 2028. Heart failure can be identified by the reduced ability of the heart to fill with blood (diastolic dysfunction) and/or to empty (systolic dysfunction). Although systolic dysfunction is easily diagnosed, the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction (diastology) can be challenging. The accessibility of echocardiography, and its ability to provide non-invasive information in real time, make ultrasound the essential technique for evaluating diastolic function of the left ventricle. However, the diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction often remains unclear since the recommended echographic indices may lead to discordant conclusions. As intracardiac blood flow is very sensitive to changes of the myocardium, we hypothesized that a more in-depth examination of the intraventricular blood flow by echocardiographic color Doppler could improve diastology in patients with heart failure.