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Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Echocardiography offers detail of the cardiac structure including the state of the valves, and functional information such as cardiac muscle contractility (cardiac output and ejection fraction) and blood flow across the valves including detection and quantification of reflux (leakage). As a non-invasive test it is often the first investigation of suspected cardiac conditions either alone or in combination with other tests. Its uses include diagnosis and assessment of heart failure and cardiomyopathy, valve diseases and in children, detection and assessment of congenital diseases. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) may be used in conjunction with the interventional techniques of thrombectomy and rotablation, to restore the lumen of occluded coronary arteries.
Automated Diagnosis and Prediction in Cardiovascular Diseases Using Tomographic Imaging
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Big Data in Multimodal Medical Imaging, 2019
Lisa Duff, Charalampos Tsoumpas
Echocardiography or echocardiograms are ultrasounds of the heart and can either be taken from outside the body or by passing the probe through the oesophagus. The ultrasound image is produced in real time and can give information about the structure and performance of the heart, e.g. how well it pumps blood [7, 25]. The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTEs) is the most commonly used version of this imaging technique and is taken from outside the body by placing the probe against the patient’s chest. Other types of echocardiogram include taking 3D imaging of the heart, Doppler ultrasound (used to visualise blood flow) and stress tests (for example during exercise) [25]. Sometimes contrast agents are used which enhance image quality and help assess perfusion [26]. Echocardiography is used in the diagnosis of cardiac failure, identification of congenital heart disease and detecting pulmonary arterial hypertension among other applications (Figure 4.7) [7].
Cardiovascular Imaging for Early Detection of Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Giorgos Papanastasiou, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, Sophie I. Mavrogeni
Echocardiography (ultrasonography of the heart) is an imaging modality that utilizes ultrasound-frequency (>20 kHz) waves to generate images of the heart and great vessels. Echocardiography is the primary bedside imaging modality used for the evaluation of the cardiovascular (CV) system and has a well-established role as an inexpensive, first-line method of early CV disease (CVD) assessment. Soundwaves are produced via a transducer and are emitted inside the body of the patient being examined; these initial waves are called incident waves. As incident waves travel through body tissues, they react differently with each one. Generally, waves of sound behave similarly to those of electromagnetic waves (light). As occurs with electromagnetic waves, the wavelength of soundwaves is inversely proportional to its frequency and is determined based on the formula λ=υf where λ is the wavelength, ν is the velocity of the wave in the medium it is traversing, and f is the frequency of the wave. As a result, waves with higher frequencies (e.g., ultrasound frequencies) have smaller wavelengths. These smaller wavelengths make ultrasound waves capable of being reflected by much smaller objects than waves of lower frequencies, which affords ultrasonography a good special resolution.
Adaptive Despeckling and Heart Disease Diagnosis by Echocardiogram using Optimized Deep Learning Model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
The proposed despeckling and heart disease prediction model gathers data by collecting the echocardiogram images and video frames from ‘Jayadev Hospital and Research Center Bengaluru’, which consists of 25 videos and 96 images. From the 96 images, 66 images are normal images and 30 images are abnormal images. The differentiation of normal and abnormal images is shown in Figures 2 and Figure 3. The data sets have been gathered from videos and converted into video frames of echocardiograms that can be further used in the proposed model. From the gathered videos, 2033 frames are obtained. The number of frames of normal images is given by 1781, and the number of frames with abnormal images is given by 252. For one cardiac cycle, the number of frames between one systole and diastole can be 40–50. The sample images and video frames of the echocardiogram gathered from the data set are given in Figures 2 and Fig 4, respectively. Echocardiography is ‘the application of ultrasound for imaging of the heart’.
Severity Analysis of Mitral Regurgitation Using Discrete Wavelet Transform
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Arun Balodi, R. S. Anand, M. L. Dewal, Anurag Rawat
Valvular heart disease has transformed into a major reason for heart demise around the world. Medical image analysis is acquiring a considerable measure of significance since it performs a quick and modest investigation of diseases. Echocardiography (echo) is utilized to visualize the heart functionality and to take the images and recordings in different views. It is an effortless, protected, noninvasive and nonionizing system and generally utilized as a part of the cardiovascular infection examinations [1]. In mitral regurgitation (MR), the mitral valve doesn't work appropriately, bringing about the unpredictable leakage of blood to eject into the left chamber (LA), which augment the blood volume and pressure there. In view of this, the left ventricle (LV) may steadily expand and debilitate, that winds up in heart failure. The most widely recognized reasons for MR are rheumatic coronary illness, myxomatous degeneration, chordal burst, infective endocarditis, coronary supply route malady, and cardiomyopathy. The MR is common in the more established populace, around 10 % of individuals ages over 75 years have critical MR. Additionally, the MR has a commonness of roughly 2% of the populace and these patients have fewer odds of survival [2,3]. For severe MR, surgery is the main arrangement and consequently, it is basic to evaluate MR severity precisely.
Adaptive Thresholding Method for Speckle Reduction of Echocardiographic Images
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Pallavi Kulkarni, Deepa Madathil
Echocardiography is a technique used to get real-time images of heart structure using ultrasound waves. Main advantages of echocardiography are the low cost of operation, it is non-invasive, widely available and it causes minimal discomfort to the patient. It is vital to obtain a perfect ultrasound image of heart for assessing the heart functionality. Speckle noise affects the ultrasound images more than additive noise. Image resolution and contrast get degraded due to the presence of noise. The image with speckle noise is less useful for medical diagnosis. So for better diagnosis image quality needs to be improved by despeckling.