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Toxicology of Air Pollution
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Donald E. Gardner, Susan C. M. Gardner
Acute exposure to CO levels of 200 to 1200 ppm can cause headaches at 10 to 20% blood COHb levels, mental confusion and incoordination at 40%, convulsions at 50 to 60%, and death at COHb levels above 70%. Normal recovery from a coma can occur if tissue anoxia is not too severe. Adaptation to chronic low levels of CO can occur through an increased hematocrit, increased hemoglobin, and increased blood volume. Community population studies on CO in ambient air have not associated this gas with changes in normal pulmonary function or disease (Lebowitz et al., 1987).
Head-Brain-Sas Biomechanics and TBI in Sports and Accidents
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Coma is a state of unconsciousness that can last for more than 6 hours when a person cannot be awakened and fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light or sound, and does not initiate voluntary actions. In order for a patient to maintain consciousness, two important neurological components, the cerebral cortex, which is the grey matter covering the outer layer of the brain, and reticular activating system (RAS or ARAS), located in the brainstem, must function perfectly. Injury to either or both of these components is sufficient to cause a patient to experience a coma.
Framing the Mind–Body Problem in Contemporary Neuroscientific and Sunni Islamic Theological Discourse
Published in The New Bioethics, 2018
Faisal Qazi, Don Fette, Syed S. Jafri, Aasim I. Padela
When in a coma, the patient lacks awareness of, and is thus unable to interact with, the surrounding environment. Such unresponsiveness is correlated with the absence of sleep-wave cycles and the suppression of cerebral rhythm as can be seen on electrographic studies (Young 2000). This widespread dysfunction of the brain results in both the decreased level and loss of the content of consciousness, although some areas of the brain, particularly those responsible for autonomic function remain working. Between a fully awake/alert state of global consciousness and a comatose one lies a wide spectrum of conscious/subconscious states. These include: vegetative, minimally conscious, obtunded, stuporous, lethargic or cognitively impaired states as in dementia or traumatic brain injury. All of these states involve different levels of conscious awareness, contents of consciousness, and perceptive abilities (Tindall 1990).