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Nanoparticles and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Impact of Size and Structure on Functionality
Published in Shaker A. Mousa, Raj Bawa, Gerald F. Audette, The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine, 2020
Ajit S. Narang, Rong-Kun Chang, Munir A. Hussain
NPs and NanoDDSs can be used to improve the rate and extent of oral drug absorption. When NPs are designed to improve the rate and/or extent of drug absorption through the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, free drug is available in the plasma or the central compartment. In such cases, the mechanism of improvement of oral drug absorption (e.g., through the use of nanocrystalline drug or amorphous drug in solid dispersions) is the improvement in drug solubility and dissolution rate, leading to higher rate and extent of drug absorption. In a study on isotretinoin soft gelatin capsules, significant reduction in drug particle size was associated with improvement in oral drug bioavailability (Table 5.2) [15]. The particle size characteristics of the dosage form in the nanometer range were deemed important for the oral bioavailability of the drug. This work highlights the case where nanometer size range of the drug particles in the formulation is critical to its performance, though not necessarily the surface configuration (Class II, see Section 3). Also, for example, Emend™ (aprepitant), a potent substance P antagonist to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, showed low oral bioavailability and exhibited a major food effect using the conventional formulation with micronized drug substance. Nano-crystalline aprepitant effectively enhanced bioavailability and provided similar exposure in the fed and fasted state.
Nanoparticles and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Impact of Size and Structure on Functionality
Published in Shaker A. Mousa, Raj Bawa, Gerald F. Audette, The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine, 2019
Ajit S. Narang, Rong-Kun Chang, Munir A. Hussain
NPs and NanoDDSs can be used to improve the rate and extent of oral drug absorption. When NPs are designed to improve the rate and/or extent of drug absorption through the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, free drug is available in the plasma or the central compartment. In such cases, the mechanism of improvement of oral drug absorption (e.g., through the use of nanocrystalline drug or amorphous drug in solid dispersions) is the improvement in drug solubility and dissolution rate, leading to higher rate and extent of drug absorption. In a study on isotretinoin soft gelatin capsules, significant reduction in drug particle size was associated with improvement in oral drug bioavailability (Table 5.2) [15]. The particle size characteristics of the dosage form in the nanometer range were deemed important for the oral bioavailability of the drug. This work highlights the case where nanometer size range of the drug particles in the formulation is critical to its performance, though not necessarily the surface configuration (Class II, see Section 3). Also, for example, Emend™ (aprepitant), a potent substance P antagonist to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, showed low oral bioavailability and exhibited a major food effect using the conventional formulation with micronized drug substance. Nano-crystalline aprepitant effectively enhanced bioavailability and provided similar exposure in the fed and fasted state.
Principles of risk decision-making
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Daniel Krewski, Patrick Saunders-Hastings, Patricia Larkin, Margit Westphal, Michael G. Tyshenko, William Leiss, Maurice Dusseault, Michael Jerrett, Doug Coyle
The accelerated pace of knowledge development including scientific evidence on the wide range of risks faced in our daily lives resulted in a need for flexibility in risk decision-making as new risk information becomes available; this often requires enhanced stakeholder engagement. The accumulation of new scientific knowledge might lead to adjustments in, and possibly even reversal of, previous risk decisions. An example of the latter outcome is the saccharin case discussed in RC2. Although research demonstrated that saccharin usage was safe in humans following its ban as an artificial sweetener in 1977, it has proven difficult to reinstate the use of a previously-banned product because of lingering adverse publicity (Harrison and Hoberg 1994). In contrast, the teratogen thalidomide, originally used for the treatment of morning sickness during pregnancy in the 1950s and 1960s, and then banned because of disabilities in babies born to mothers taking the drug, is currently indicated as a treatment for leprosy and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Mayo Clinic 2022). However, its efficacy and safety continue to be evaluated (Wang et al. 2020).
Increasing cannabis use and importance as an environmental contaminant mixture and associated risks to exposed biota: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Emily K. C. Kennedy, Genevieve A. Perono, Dion B. Nemez, Alison C. Holloway, Philippe J. Thomas, Robert Letcher, Chris Marvin, Jorg Stetefeld, Jake Stout, Oliver Peters, Vince Palace, Gregg Tomy
Since its discovery, cannabis has been largely used for its therapeutic effects and has been prescribed to treat a range of symptoms and diseases including, but not limited to: neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, chronic pain, epilepsy, spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, appetite loss, glaucoma and cancer (Table 1). A systematic review and meta-analysis of 79 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the benefits and adverse events of medical cannabinoids (i.e. smoked cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids (nabiximol, nabilone, dronabinol, levonantradol, ajulemic acid), CBD and Δ9-THC) reported that most RCTs found an association between improvement in symptoms and cannabinoid use (Whiting et al., 2015). However, analysis by Whiting et al. (2015) found that most of these associations did not reach statistical significance, an effect which may be explained by the large heterogeneity (i.e., variety of outcome measures, time points reported, and comparator groups) and small sample size of the included studies (Whiting et al., 2015). Nonetheless, there was moderate- and low-quality evidence in support of cannabinoid use for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity, and nausea and vomiting, respectively (Whiting et al., 2015). This provides proof of concept of the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and further investigation with larger, more robust RCTs are warranted. A more comprehensive review of the therapeutic uses of cannabis and its derivatives have been described elsewhere (Reviewed in: (Gonçalves et al., 2020; Health Canada, 2018a; Maccarrone et al., 2017; National Academies of Sciences et al., 2017).