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Biotreatment of Polluted Water
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Exposure to some chemicals may result in the disruption of endocrine (hormonal) systems in human and wildlife populations. These endocrine disruptors are the following: natural and synthetic estrogens (the hormones that stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics): sources of water pollution include hormone replacement therapy residues, birth control pill residues, and human and animal wastesphyto- and myco-estrogens (substances in plants and fungi that have an estrogenic effect): the source of water pollution is soilchemicals, including diethylstilbestrol, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls: sources of water pollution include pesticide residue and components of plastics
Water Quality and Security
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld, Environmental Policy and Public Health, 2017
Barry L. Johnson, Maureen Y. Lichtveld
A long-term, whole-lake experiment was conducted at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, Canada, using a before-after-control-impact design to determine both direct and indirect effects of the synthetic estrogen used in the birth control pill, 17α-ethynyloestradiol (EE2). Recruitment of fathead minnow failed, leading to a near-extirpation of this species both 2 years during and 2 years following EE2 additions. Body condition of male lake trout and male and female white sucker declined before changes in prey abundance, suggesting direct effects of EE2 on this endpoint [42].
Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Herman Autrup, Frank A. Barile, Sir Colin Berry, Bas J. Blaauboer, Alan Boobis, Herrmann Bolt, Christopher J. Borgert, Wolfgang Dekant, Daniel Dietrich, Jose L. Domingo, Gio Batta Gori, Helmut Greim, Jan Hengstler, Sam Kacew, Hans Marquardt, Olavi Pelkonen, Kai Savolainen, Pat Heslop-Harrison, Nico P. Vermeulen
Early on in the debate, Safe (2000) calculated the daily human intake of estrogen and anti-estrogenic equivalents, based on potencies of N-EDCs and S-EDCs relative to 17β−estradiol. It was calculated that a woman taking a birth control pill ingests about 16,675 μg of 17β−estradiol equivalents/day, postmenopausal estrogen therapy amounts to 3,350 μg, ingestion of estrogen flavonoids in food represents 102 μg, whereas daily ingestion of environmental organochlorine-based S-EDCs considered relevant at this time was calculated to be 0.0000025 μg 17β−estradiol equivalents.