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The Future
Published in Indrakshi Dey, Propagation Modeling for Wireless Communications, 2022
As with other biological processes which occur at microscopic scale inside the human body, it has been a serious challenge to monitor the ovulation. Ovulation refers to the process when egg/s release from the female ovaries into the Fallopian tubes and begin travelling to the uterus. In general, the eggs remain in Fallopian tubes for up to 24 hours where they can be fused with sperm. At this time, for the natural conception to occur, it is crucial that the sexual intercourse is timed near ovulation so that the male sperm could swim up to the Fallopian tube and attach itself with one of the eggs. The duo then attaches to the endometrium (uterine lining) and proceeds to the later stages of pregnancy. On the other hand, in case the egg could not fertilize when in the Fallopian tube, the female body sheds it along with the endometrium via menstrual blood.
Intelligent Ovarian Detection and Classification in Ultrasound Images Using Machine Learning Techniques
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
V. Kiruthika, S. Sathiya, M.M. Ramya
Female infertility is a major and thoughtful concern in today’s world and contributes to about 37% worldwide and 12.5% in India. Among the recognizable causes, it is reported that ovulatory disorders are a main cause of female infertility, contributing to 25% in majority of the infertile women (WHO Technical Report Series, 1992). Ovaries have a fluid filled sac called ovarian follicle in which the mature egg is present. In a normal ovary, the mature egg is released from the follicle during the ovulation process. Ovulatory disorders are due to the failure or irregularity in the ovulation process that occurs in the ovary, resulting in ovarian cysts or polycysts. An ovary with an ovarian cyst is called cystic ovary, and an ovary with polycysts is called polycystic ovary.
Human Populations
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
This process is sometimes referred to as the rhythm method and relies on voluntary changes in sexual behavior. The method requires that the female predict her fertile periods by examining cervical mucous and/or tracking basal temperature or charting her menstrual cycle and ovulation times on a calendar. She would then abstain from sexual intercourse during times of the month when she is fertile. This method has proven to be very unreliable because menstrual cycles vary, and the narrow window for sexual opportunity is not always observed.
Producing Parenthood: Islamic Bioethical Perspectives & Normative Implications
Published in The New Bioethics, 2020
Aasim I. Padela, Katherine Klima, Rosie Duivenbode
Female factor infertility may be caused by ovulation disorders, genetic factors or structural abnormalities. Ovulation disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can be treated by lifestyle adjustments, medication, and at times, surgery. Endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinemia, thyroid and adrenal disease also impact ovulation and are treated with medications, and at times, surgery. Should these treatments fail, ovulation induction can be attempted and combined with IUI or IVF When ovulation cannot be achieved, the only option is ovum donation with IVF or gestational surrogacy (Guillén Antón and García Velasco 2011, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2019). Ova donation is an option primarily when genetic factors are in play, or when couples are concerned about passing on genetic diseases. Infertility in women may also be caused by structural abnormalities of the fallopian tubes, uterus, or pelvis. For tubal factor infertility IVF can be a viable option. Women with absolute uterine factor infertility, who are incapable of gestating a child, traditionally relied on gestational surrogacy or, adoption, but can now undergo uterine transplantation (Johannesson and Järvholm 2016, p. 43, Jones 2016, Chmel 2019). Finally, where state law permits, embryo donation may be an option for couples who are unable to conceive despite treatment.