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Reproductive system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The ovaries are paired organs that lie on either side of the uterus adjacent to the lateral pelvic wall. The paired uterine (fallopian) tubes measure approximately 10 cm in length and connect the lateral margin of the fundus of the uterus with the ovaries (Fig. 8.1a). The uterus is situated posterior to the bladder (Fig. 8.1b) and anterior to the rectum. It is divided into three portions: the body, the cervix and the fundus. The body of the uterus comprises three layers: Perimetrium – a covering of peritoneum.Myometrium – a thick muscle layer.Endometrium – the lining of the uterus.
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Clinical diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy is often difficult, with a history of a missed period present in only two-thirds of cases. The classic clinical triad of ectopic pregnancy consists of pain, vaginal bleeding and palpable adnexal mass. Like most classic triads, all three features occur in a minority of cases. Factors associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy include increasing maternal age and parity, previous ectopic pregnancy and previous Fallopian tube surgery or infection.
Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
The most common cause of female infertility, occurring in 30–35% of women, is fallopian tube obstruction, which requires surgical intervention. For both sexes, however, immunological and hormonal disorders are the leading causes, constituting 25–30% of cases [Koperwas and Głowacka 2017].
Producing Parenthood: Islamic Bioethical Perspectives & Normative Implications
Published in The New Bioethics, 2020
Aasim I. Padela, Katherine Klima, Rosie Duivenbode
Female factor infertility may be caused by ovulation disorders, genetic factors or structural abnormalities. Ovulation disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can be treated by lifestyle adjustments, medication, and at times, surgery. Endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinemia, thyroid and adrenal disease also impact ovulation and are treated with medications, and at times, surgery. Should these treatments fail, ovulation induction can be attempted and combined with IUI or IVF When ovulation cannot be achieved, the only option is ovum donation with IVF or gestational surrogacy (Guillén Antón and García Velasco 2011, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2019). Ova donation is an option primarily when genetic factors are in play, or when couples are concerned about passing on genetic diseases. Infertility in women may also be caused by structural abnormalities of the fallopian tubes, uterus, or pelvis. For tubal factor infertility IVF can be a viable option. Women with absolute uterine factor infertility, who are incapable of gestating a child, traditionally relied on gestational surrogacy or, adoption, but can now undergo uterine transplantation (Johannesson and Järvholm 2016, p. 43, Jones 2016, Chmel 2019). Finally, where state law permits, embryo donation may be an option for couples who are unable to conceive despite treatment.