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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
A relatively horizontal portion of the large intestine, segments of the small intestine, and parts of the supporting structure for the intestine, the mesentery, are also found near the lower ribs. The mesentery is a continuous connective tissue structure (Coffey & O’Leary, 2016). Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels travel through the mesentery to the hollow small and large intestines. Large segments of small and large intestine and mesentery are also found in the mid torso and lower torso. The rectum, the most distal portion of the large intestine, fits almost entirely within the bony pelvis. There are 8.2 m (27 ft) of small intestine and 1 m (3 ft) of large intestine packed into the abdomen. Figure 4.29 shows the relationships of the intestines to the other abdominal organs and the exterior of the body.
General Biology of Cryptosporidium
Published in J. P. Dubey, C. A. Speer, R. Fayer, Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals, 2018
R. Fayer, C. A. Speer, J. P. Dubey
Although lesions can be present throughout the gastrointestinal tract, they are usually most severe in the lower jejunum and ileum.540 Mesenteric lymph nodes are sometimes swollen. Intestines appear unremarkable or hyperemic. Microscopic lesions follow a similar pattern among almost all host species infected. Cryptosporidia are found in the epithelium, usually without obvious damage to host cells except that cells may be low columnar, cuboidal, or squamous, and microvilli may be absent at the site of parasite attachment.540 At the electron microscopic level, the cytoplasm of infected cells sometimes contains mitochondria that appear swollen and vacuolated, and smaller smooth membraned vacuoles containing clear fluid may be scattered throughout the cytoplasm around the cell nucleus.98 Usually, mild to severe villous atrophy is apparent at the light microscope level. Villi appear blunt, shorter, and wider than normal and are sometimes fused with other villi.769,871 Some fused villi have desmosomal junctions between enterocytes of adjacent villi, visible with electron microscopy. Inflammatory changes are marked by cellular infiltration, usually plasma cells and neutrophils, but also macrophages and lymphocytes, into the subepithelial lamina propria.540,769 Peyer’s patches appear reactive.250 Crypts are enlarged, hyperplastic, and may contain dead cells or pink-staining gelatinous material.636
Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of visible light spectroscopy during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Louisa J.D. van Dijk, Twan van der Wel, Desirée van Noord, Adriaan Moelker, Hence J.M. Verhagen, Daan Nieboer, Ernst J. Kuipers, Marco J. Bruno
The diagnosis of CMI is challenging as chronic abdominal pain due to other causes is common and stenosis of the mesenteric arteries is often asymptomatic due to extensive collateral circulation [14,15]. Radiological imaging modalities as CT-angiography can sufficiently detect the presence of a mesenteric artery stenosis; however, the presence of a stenosis is not necessarily related with symptomatic disease. The European Society of Vascular Surgery recently published guidelines about ‘Management of the Diseases of Mesenteric Arteries and Veins’ [1]. These guidelines underline the need of a functional test that indicates ischemia. Current available methods of functional testing need validation for widespread use in clinical practice. Therefore, we performed this study to determine the observer validity of endoscopic VLS measurements.