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Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The lymphatic vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph, very similar to blood plasma: lymph contains lymphocytes and they are concentrated in the lymph nodes. The spleen and the thymus are also lymphoid organs of the immune system. Another interesting role is played by the tonsils: they are both lymphoid organs and are associated with the digestive system.
Introduction
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
Applications of MNPs are useful for cancer detection. Metastasis to lymph nodes occurs when cancer cells reach the nodes through lymphatic vessels. When MNPs are injected to the proximity of a cancer lesion, the MNPs in the nodes can be detected using magnetic sensors or magnetic imaging modalities. The early detection of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is essential to block the scattering of metastasis into the whole body.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
The lymphatic vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph, very similar to blood plasma: lymph contains lymphocytes and they are concentrated in the lymph nodes. The spleen and the thymus are also lymphoid organs of the immune system. Another interesting role is played by the tonsils: they are both lymphoid organs and are associated with the digestive system.
Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Alison Mary Rich, Haizal Mohd Hussaini, Benedict Seo, Rosnah Bt Zain
A typical feature of neoplasia is the secretion of angiogenic factors via a complex balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic mechanisms (Folkman and Shing 1992). It is known that endothelial cells in the TME participate in cross talk with tumour cells themselves and promote invasion. In a study in our laboratory angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], VEGF receptor 2 [KDR] and vasohibin-1 [VASH-1]) were expressed differently in the endothelial cells and the epithelial cells of inflamed hyperplastic oral tissues compared with OSCC and normal oral mucosa (NOM) (Allsobrook 2014). The malignant keratinocytes of OSCC were strongly VEGF+. Gene expression in three immortal OSCC cell lines (SCC4, SCC15 and SCC25) and three normal epithelial cell lines (OKF4, OKF6 and OKP7) showed differential regulation of VEGF in OSCC compared with normal epithelial cells (Allsobrook 2014). Likewise, lymphangiogenesis is a key component of carcinogenesis with loss of control of lymphangiogenic regulation leading to the formation of new lymph vessels within and around the tumour. This may increase the likelihood of lymphatic metastasis. Using IHC with reliable lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) antibody markers, we were able to establish that the OSCC TME possessed significantly more lymphatic vessels expressing D2-40 (Figure 6) podoplanin (D2-40) and prospero-homeobox protein (Prox)-1 than the control groups (Chutipongpisit 2016). Overexpression of the lymphatic markers in the malignant tissues was significantly greater than in the inflamed connective tissue as well as the normal controls, i.e. increased lymphangiogenesis associated with non-specific inflammation was controlled for. This increase in lymphatic vessels density (LVD) may play a role in facilitating lymphatic invasion and later metastases. These molecular entities may serve as potential anti-oral cancer therapeutic targets. D2-40 expression on the tumour cells themselves has been associated with a role in tumour progression in experimental and human carcinogenesis (Schacht et al. 2005; Ugorski et al. 2016) including in oral cancer (Martin-Villar et al. 2005; Yuan et al. 2006; Cueni et al. 2010; Tsuneki et al. 2013) and OPMD (Kawaguchi et al. 2008; Mei et al. 2014). In OPMD, the basal cell layer of the dysplastic epithelium was D2-40+ (Kawaguchi et al. 2008), a phenomenon also observed in our study in dysplastic epithelium adjacent to OSCC (Chutipongpisit 2016). Multivariate analysis found that epithelial D2-40 positivity was an independent predictor of progression of OPMD to OSCC and that it can be used to further stratify oral cancer development risk (Kawaguchi et al. 2008).