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Exposure Assessment Challenges Presented by Investigations of Reproductive Effects in the Semiconductor Industry
Published in S.M. Rappaport, Thomas J. Smith, Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology and Hazard Control, 2020
Urinary hormonal assays can be utilized to monitor endocrine function in normally cycling women, breast-feeding and nonbreast-feeding women during the postpartum period, and women with problems of infertility. Urine assays can differentiate between normal cycles and cycles with abnormalities of ovulation or of the luteal phase. Ovulation can be detected by measuring the luteal phase rise in the main progester-one conjugate, pregnanediol-3a-glucuronide (PdG), or by examining the ratio of PdG to urinary estrogen conjugates.14 Thus, the detection of ovulation and assessment of the luteal phase are possible with urine monitoring.15
Dendrimers as a Candidate for Microbicide in Prevention of HIV-1 Infection in Women: Steps toward Their Clinical Evaluation
Published in Costas Demetzos, Stergios Pispas, Natassa Pippa, Drug Delivery Nanosystems, 2019
Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo, Jose Luis Jiménez-Fuentes, María Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
The transition area between ectocervix and endocervix and the endocervix are the most common sites for HIV-1 transmission, probably due to an abundance of HIV-1 target cells [71]. Epithelial disruption due to traumatic sex, dry sex, bacterial vaginosis, or STI [72] enhances the chances of HIV-1 transmission by recruiting a pool of target cells for local expansion and interfering with innate antimicrobial activity. Moreover, high levels of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle lead to a thinning of epithelium, increasing the risk of HIV-1 spread [73].
Delivery of Ovarian Hormones for Bone Health
Published in Emmanuel Opara, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 2020
However, during the luteal phase and before degeneration, the production of estrogen and progesterone leads to feedback control over the anterior pituitary and the secretion of FSH and LH. In addition, other hormones are secreted by the ovaries. For example, during this period, inhibin is also secreted and is known to have inhibitory effects on both anterior pituitary (FSH and LH secretion) as well as hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) that is responsible, in part, for the stimulation of the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
The right to choose to abort an abortion: should pro-choice advocates support abortion pill reversal?
Published in The New Bioethics, 2022
Michal Pruski, Dominic Whitehouse, Steven Bow
Progesterone has long been used to help women preserve pregnancy in cases of threatened miscarriage, and the PROMISE study confirmed that progesterone in early pregnancy is safe among women with previous unexplained recurrent miscarriages and reassuringly found no increase in risk of congenital anomalies among offspring (Coomarasamy et al. 2015). Progesterone is also routinely used as luteal phase support to support pregnancies achieved using artificial reproductive technologies (Electronic Medicines Compendium 2022c). As such, while there is little high quality evidence available on APR itself, the use of progesterone to support pregnancies at risk of miscarriage is a well-established practice with good evidence of safety (Coomarasamy et al. 2015, NICE 2021). While mifepristone exposure is not present in these circumstances, and the evidence of safety and efficacy may not necessarily translate to APR, beneficial use of progesterone in such situations does support the existence of a mode of action that would, in principle, justify the use of progesterone in APR.
Iron status in athletic females, a shift in perspective on an old paradigm
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Claire E. Badenhorst, Kazushige Goto, Wendy J. O’Brien, Stacy Sims
For spontaneous decidualisation to occur, researchers have recognized that there are multiple signalling pathways which are expressed in the uterus during decidualisation, including BMP2, WNT, JAK/STAT and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Emera et al., 2012). The mechanisms for spontaneous decidualisation are still under investigation; however, it is acknowledged that progesterone is required for the process to occur and be maintain in the luteal phase of the cycle. While progesterone is needed, research has suggested that cAMP is essential for inducing the decidualisation process in endometrial stroma cells prior to progesterone reaching its peak in luteal phase. Elevations in cAMP are reported from the secretory phase relative to the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle (Tanaka et al., 1993). In response to induced endometrial stress and gluconeogenic signalling, increases in cAMP and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein have been shown to bind to and transactivate the hepcidin promoter, enabling an increase in serum hepcidin levels that occurs in the absence of inflammatory signals (Vecchi et al., 2014, 2009). The regulation of hepcidin in response to cAMP response element-binding protein throughout the menstrual cycle has not yet been investigated. Such research may provide insight into the cellular mechanism associated with iron homoeostasis throughout the menstrual cycle. This may be of relevance, especially when considering the associations with the commencement of decidualisation via cAMP, and the fluctuations in hepcidin throughout the cycle that may be initiated by increases in cAMP in the luteal phase and subsequently sustained by increased progesterone.