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Application of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
The larger intestinal caliber in humans consists of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon, while the first part of the ascending colon is the cecum. The colon is mainly the “recipient” organ in inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative enteritis. Drugs can be loaded into NPs before commencing the nanoimaging procedure. Micromolecules such as siRNA (Laroni et al., 2011), tripeptides, or proteins (Theiss et al., 2011) (in antibody or hormonal form) may be shelled in a saturated way inside an NP. The concurrent formation, extraction, and loading with anti-inflammatory elements were immediately followed by delivery to the colon. A recovery method was invented to target NPs to regions of the alimentary canal tract, using a soluble hydrogel bound through electrostatic interactions between negative polysaccharides and +ive ions. The static dual cross-link of alginate and chitosan regulated by SO42− and Ca2+ in addition to rat GIT via double gavage formed gel agents. Drugs coupled with NPs are designed to withstand the “hostile” environmental pH and physiologic of the bowel mucosa. The combination of nanostructures and hydrogels (biomaterials) enabled dose reduction and progressive load and bulk addition to the large intestine, where the drug reduces inflammation (Laroui et al., 2012).
Organoid Technology for Basic Science and Biomedical Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Szu-Hsien (Sam) Wu, Jihoon Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo
During development, the definitive endoderm gives rise to the gut tube, which can be subdivided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut. In later development, the foregut gives rise to the oral cavity, pharynx, respiratory tract, stomach, pancreas, and liver, whereas the midgut gives rise to the small intestine and ascending colon, whilst the hindgut generates the bulk of the colon (large intestine) and rectum. Therefore, attempting to derive particular part(s) of the gastrointestinal tract from PSCs requires knowledge of the factors involved in gut tube specification during development, including factors driving: (1) differentiation of PSCs towards definitive endoderm; (2) specification into distinct regions of gut tube; (3) patterning within regions of the gut tube; and (4) expansion of epithelia with differentiated cell types (Wells and Spence 2014).
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
To obtain double contrast the patient is turned onto their left side. Air is infused through the tube using a puffer as with the DCBE. In this position the air will migrate to, and distend, the right colon. With the aid of fluoroscopy a number of PA and anterior oblique static image projections are acquired, starting with the patient in the right lateral decubitus position with the air distended in the ascending colon. Remembering that the transverse colon lies anterior to the ascending colon, as the patient is turned onto their back the infused air will migrate to the transverse colon. By turning the patient supine and then raising their left side, static images are acquired as the air passes into each section of colon to the stoma site. If required, the ejected barium can be drained during the examination using a suction catheter.
Clips for managing perforation and bleeding after colorectal endoscopic mucosal resection
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
A. S. Turan, G. Ultee, E. J. M. Van Geenen, P. D. Siersema
Delayed bleeding (DB) is the most prevalent complication after EMR and may occur up to a month after EMR, but 90% will occur within 48 h [8]. Delayed bleeding can be defined in terms of hemoglobin drop of 2 g/dL or more, bright red rectal blood loss, etc. A more general definition, which is often used in clinical studies, states that delayed bleeding is any anal blood loss occurring after the completion of the procedure necessitating emergency room consultation, blood transfusion, prolongation of hospital stay, re-hospitalization, or re-intervention (either repeat endoscopy, angiography, or surgery) [12,26,38–40]. The incidence of delayed bleeding for large colonic lesions >2 cm is approximately 12% in the cecum, 10% in the proximal ascending colon, 7% at the hepatic flexure, and 2–3% in the left colon [8]. Identified risk factors of DB after EMR include anticoagulant drug use within 7 days after the procedure (OR 6.3; P= 0.005), piecemeal resection, increasing polyp size, proximal location in the colon and intraprocedural bleeding [26,27]. Other reported risk factors are endoscopist experience, liver cirrhosis, obesity, and male gender [39,41–43].
The role of computed tomography data in the design of a robotic magnetically-guided endoscopic platform
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2018
Peisen Zhang, Jing Li, Yang Hao, Federico Bianchi, Gastone Ciuti, Tatsuo Arai, Qiang Huang, Paolo Dario
One of the major advantages of magnetically-guided capsule colonoscopy is that, unlike conventional colonoscopy, the colonoscope is not pushed from its distal side which can straighten the bends of the bowel walls [18]; rather, the proximal part of the colonoscope is guided along the intestinal lumen. In addition, magnetically-guided capsule colonoscopy is advantage in climbing out of folds of the large bowel because we can control the tip of capsule by EPM. The human large bowel is nearly 1.5-m long, with very complex structure and morphology [19]. The large bowel can be subdivided into five anatomical segments in order from the anus to the cecum: rectum, sigmoid colon, descending colon, transverse colon, and ascending colon [20]. The anus is the origin of the rectum, and the cecum is regarded as a part of the ascending colon for simplicity. Anatomically, the large-bowel segments are subdivided and localized as follows: the recto-sigmoid junction is located near the sacral promontory and is included in the sigmoid colon; the sigmoid-descending junction is located at the pelvic brim, and its distal-descending colon angles forward; and the descending-transverse and transverse-ascending junctions are located at the leftmost and rightmost cranial inflexion points of the colon, respectively [21].