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Telescopes for Inner Space: Fiber Optics and Endoscopes
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver and resecretes it when needed into the small intestine, thus aiding in the digestion of fatty foods. In some persons, cholesterol crystals, called gallstones, form within the gallbladder. Large ones can potentially block the bile ducts and cause sharp pains in the abdomen. Sometimes medication alone can dissolve these gallstones. Failing this treatment, persons suffering from this can live with occasional abdominal pain while maintaining a restricted low fat diet, or they can undergo surgery to have their gallbladder removed, an operation called cholecystectomy. In spite of the often acute abdominal pain, many persons once opted to live with the condition indefinitely when faced with the prospect of open surgery, which typically entails a one-week hospital stay, an extended recovery period lasting an average of six weeks, and a six-inch-wide surgical scar.
Gastrointestinal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Percutaneous cholecystostomy (drainage of the gallbladder) may be useful in the management of acute cholecystitis where the surgical risks are unacceptable. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is usually performed via US guidance. Gallbladder is punctured, a wire passed through the needle, and a drainage catheter placed in the gallbladder over the wire. Non-resolution of pyrexia within 48 hours may indicate gangrene of the gallbladder requiring surgery. A cholecystogram is performed once the acute illness has settled, with contrast material injected through the drainage catheter. Stones causing cystic duct obstruction may require surgery; otherwise the catheter is removed.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The liver detoxifies food metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemical compounds necessary for digestion. The liver is functioning as an accessory digestive gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile is stored in a small pouch that sits just under the liver, named the gall bladder. Terminology related to the liver often starts in hepat, the Greek word for liver. Liver tissue consists mostly of “hepatocytes,” which regulate a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of both small and complex molecules.
Towards an AI-based assessment model of surgical difficulty during early phase laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Julian. R. Abbing, Frank J. Voskens, Beerend G. A. Gerats, Ruby M. Egging, Fausto Milletari, Ivo A.M.J. Broeders
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is currently one of the most commonly performed minimally invasive (abdominal) procedures in elective and emergency settings. (Sugrue et al. 2019) The procedure is considered the standard surgical treatment for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, gallstone pancreatitis and gallbladder polyps. (Priego et al. 2009; Soper and Malladi 2022) The procedure has evolved into a relatively safe and tolerable daycare procedure. However, there is high variability in perioperative findings. (Griffiths et al. 2019; Ward et al. 2022) LC can be relatively easy in patients with a floppy, non-inflamed pink gallbladder. However, the procedure can be challenging in patients with dense adhesions and severe cholecystitis. These high complex procedures can result in prolonged OR time, more blood loss, and an increased risk of complications. (Atta et al. 2017; Madni et al. 2018; Sugrue et al. 2019)
Patient-specific fluid–structure interaction model of bile flow: comparison between 1-way and 2-way algorithms
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Alex G. Kuchumov, Vasily Vedeneev, Vladimir Samartsev, Aleksandr Khairulin, Oleg Ivanov
Gallstones affect 10% to 15% of the adult population in the United States (Stinton and Shaffer 2012) and the United Kingdom (Luo et al. 2007), respectively, and 12–20% in Russia (Marakhovskiy 2003). The presence of gallstones may lead to different complications starting from bile duct inflammation to lethal cases such as gallbladder cancer (Opie 1901; Portincasa et al. 2006). Biomechanical and choledynamic factors (including bile flow dynamics, gallbladder and ducts contraction, pressure gradients’ shift due to pathology) have crucial influence on gallstones formation (Luo et al. 2007). It is known that prolonged bile stasis in the gallbladder due to the biomechanical factors mentioned above can lead to gallstone formation along with the metabolic liver disorders.