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Polystyrene-Based Functional Fibers
Published in Menachem Lewin, Jack Preston, Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology, 2017
Shimamura Masaharu, Teramoto Kazuo, Yoshioka Toshio, Tanaka Michihiko
Bilirubin is one of the metabolic products of hemoglobin and harmful to the brain. In the human body, bilirubin concentration in blood is normally maintained below 1 mg/dl. But when the function of the liver lowers or when cholangitis is closed, the concentration increases to more than 10 mg/dl, and sometimes to 30 mg/dl. A concentration greater than 10 mg/dl is considered to be harmful to the brain. To prevent brain attack, it is necessary to remove bilirubin from the blood. Though bilirubin is a low molecular weight compound of 584 daltons, it cannot be removed by dialysis because it exists in conjugated form with albumin in blood. Therefore, many studies of bilirubin removal have been done, but no satisfactory adsorbent has yet been made whose adsorptive capacity is sufficiently large.
Non-Imaging Diagnostic Tests
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson, Clark's Pocket Handbook for Radiographers, 2016
A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson
This group of tests is used to assess the overall health of the liver and biliary system. Abnormal tests can give early indications of serious conditions. If the liver is diseased and the cells are damaged, various enzymes will be released into the blood stream, e.g. alanine transaminase (alanine aminotransferase) and alkaline phosphatase. Disease may also affect the ability of the liver to produce albumin. High levels of bilirubin in the blood indicate jaundice.
Treatment Devices
Published in Laurence J. Street, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, 2023
Newborn babies often have an excess of bilirubin in their bodies. Bilirubin is a breakdown product of red blood cells that is normally excreted via the liver. If liver function isn’t up to normal capacity, the bilirubin can build up in tissues including the skin, giving it a yellowish color, a condition called jaundice. If bilirubin levels are too high, they can cause brain damage, so it is important to remove excess amounts as quickly as possible.
Non-invasive and non-contact automatic jaundice detection of infants based on random forest
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Fatema-Tuz-Zohra Khanam, Ali Al-Naji, Asanka G. Perera, Danyi Wang, Javaan Chahl
Jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia is defined as the yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera of the eyes due to an excess level of bilirubin (Dzulkifli et al. 2018). Generally, jaundice is noticeable when serum bilirubin level exceeds 2.0 mg/dl in the blood (Puppalwar 2012). Bilirubin is a water-soluble tetrapyrrolic yellowish pigment that is present in the blood and whose excess accumulation in the skin results in neonatal jaundice symptoms (Ansong-Assoku and Ankola 2018). Bilirubin is created due to the breakdown of old red blood cells. In the human body, new red blood cells are produced, and old ones are broken down continuously. In an adult, the red blood cells survive for about 120 days; however, in a newborn infant, they survive for a significantly shorter time. Hence, newborns have higher than average quantities of red blood cells, which leads to excess bilirubin level due to the breakdown of more red blood cells (Ansong-Assoku and Ankola 2018). Normally, the damaged blood cells that produce bilirubin are metabolised by the liver for excretion. Later, bilirubin is secreted through urine and bile (Chee et al. 2018). Short-term excess of bilirubin is mostly harmless and self-limiting. But a high level of bilirubin in newborn infants is neurotoxic and can permanently damage the brain, which is called kernicterus. It may cause cerebral palsy, deafness or hearing loss, language difficulties, and developmental delay or can be fatal in the worst cases (Ullah et al. 2016; Chee et al. 2018).
Potential effect of Turbinaria decurrens acetone extract on the biochemical and histological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Omnia Hamdy Abdel-Karim, Atef Mohamed Abo-Shady, Gehan Ahmed Ismail, Saly Farouk Gheda
The concentrations of bilirubin may indicate the status of the liver and the type of damage exerted on it (Yakubu et al. 2006). According to the results of this study, the bilirubin value was significantly increased after inducing diabetes by alloxan in rats. This increment has been reduced following oral administration of different doses of T. decurrens AE (Table 2). In accordance with Dey et al. (2015), amelioration of hepatic function resulted because of the decreased free fatty acids and their peroxide contents in the serum as well as reduced oxidation and hepatic inflammation.
Re-evaluation of the anticarcinogenic effect of metformin in a chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model not associated with diabetes
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Fatima A. M. El-Deeb, Yomna I. Mahmoud, Nagwa H. A. Hassan
HCC control mice showed elevated bilirubin levels in the current study. This is in accordance to the results of Thomas et al. [36] and Taïbi et al. [38]. The increase in bilirubin levels is considered a marker for the liver cell damage [36]. Taïbi et al. [38] said that bilirubin increased significantly in HCC mice, since DEN would cause cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis causing disruption in the biliary excretion distribution that is linked to elevated bilirubin levels. The increase in bilirubin was high enough to make the fur of HCC mice pale yellow.