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Smart Tunnel Fire Safety Management by Sensor Network and Artificial Intelligence
Published in M.Z. Naser, Leveraging Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, Management, and Safety of Infrastructure, 2023
Xinyan Huang, Xiqiang Wu, Xiaoning Zhang, Asif Usmani
Fire HRR is one of the most important parameters in fire to describe the size and severity of the fire, which is also applied to the tunnel fire. The value of HRR is also closely related to other parameters, such as flame length and critical ventilation velocity. Because the primary fuel load in the tunnel is the vehicle and goods, for these real-scale tests, the fire source often uses real burning vehicles or simulated by liquid pool fires or gas burners, based on the measurements of the vehicle fire. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) of a vehicle depends on the type of vehicle and ventilation conditions, which requires the burning of full-scale vehicles. In general, the pHRR is 1–5 MW for small passage cars, 1–10 MW for large passage cars, 10–50 MW for buses and heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), and 300–430 MW for oil tankers (Ingason et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2021). Burning real vehicles is not often tested in the tunnel; instead, most often, researchers use the well-controlled gas fuel burner and liquid fuel fire to mimic the burning of vehicles.
Hazmat Team Spotlight
Published in Robert A. Burke, Hazmat Team Spotlight, 2020
Another vehicle prop is a propane fired vehicle fire simulator. Edmond’s 40 acre training center includes hazmat props such as an Motor Carrier (MC)/Department of Transportation (DOT) 307/407 Kidde fire training prop and actual 306/406 tankers; propane props including tanks, trees, BBQ grill, stove for firefighting training; and confined space props. One very unique feature of the training facility is Skid truck driver training. At one time this was the only facility in the United States to have Skid truck training. Skid truck equipment is attached to an Edmond engine and used to train drivers in a very realistic setting. Skid truck can simulate driving conditions and situations. Edmond’s training facility, one of the best in the metro area, is used by other fire, police, and public works departments in the metro area. The day I was touring the training facility, the Oklahoma City motorcycle police were doing driving evolutions on the driving course.
Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Published in Thandavarayan Maiyalagan, Perumal Elumalai, Rechargeable Lithium-ion Batteries: Trends and Progress in Electric Vehicles, 2020
A. Saxena, N. Gnanaseelan, S.K. Kamaraj, F. Caballero-Briones
Another problem is confinement of hundreds of lithium ion batteries, which are connected in series and parallel to satisfy the power requirement of electric/hybrid vehicles. This creates the problem of heat dissipation from array of batteries to the external environment [141]. Tesla, one of the leading manufacturers of electric cars, has been in the news since past few years regarding its cars catching fire, owing to Li-ion batteries. On 23 March 2018, a 38-year-old man was killed in an accident when he rammed his Tesla model X into an unshielded highway median at Highway 101 near Mountain View, California and subsequently the car caught fire. It became a nightmare for firefighters to extinguish the fire, as they were not trained to handle battery vehicle fire accidents to deal with electric emission hazards. Lithium-ion fires can emit many types of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, soot, hydrogen fluoride, and particulates of nickel, aluminum, lithium, copper, and cobalt [142]. Comparatively, although gasoline is a very flammable and risky substance, technology has made gasoline-powered vehicles very safe based on 130 years of research and development. For EV/HEVs, technology is in its early stages and efforts to make LIBs safer are ongoing [143].
Improved model for continuous, real-time assessment and monitoring of the resilience of systems based on multiple data sources and stakeholders
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023
Daouda Kamissoko, Blazho Nastov, Matthieu Allon
Regarding a vehicle fire, the air temperature must not be greater than 5. It must not exceed 100 degrees Celsius (the sensor not necessarily being at the location of the fire), with an acceptable threshold set at 80 degrees. This is accompanied by the detection of a fire or not. The maximum and acceptable rates for this indicator are then identical and equal to one. The presence of pedestrians on the section must not be more than four, otherwise there is no resilience to traffic jams. The acceptable level is equal to 2. Regarding fire interventions, the maximum and acceptable rates are identical: they must not be greater than 1. For all the indicators, the trend function is linked to the data sent by the sensors: where k is a function that gives the value provided by a data source at the time t.
Numerical simulation and simplified model of vehicle-induced bridge deck fire in the full-open environment considering wind effect
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Rujin Ma, Chuanjie Cui, Minglei Ma, Airong Chen
According to Equations (5)–(8) and Table 3, the tilt angle of flame can be quantitatively determined bvia Equation (9). The calculated values are compared to the numerical simulation method demonstrated in Section 3.3. Figure 11 plots the comparison results of different vehicle fire types. It is observed that these two methods fit acceptably well which indicates that the formulas can be used for estimating the tilt angle of the flame:
A Monte Carlo simulation study on probability distribution of urban tunnel fire
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2021
Kun Tian, Shuping Jiang, Weijun Gong, Linquan Dai, Hailong Liu
In order to explore the common fire scene rules, we made the following three reasonable assumptions. The probability of vehicle fire in the tunnel is equal.The probability of fire in any lane of the tunnel is equal.Any vehicle in the tunnel is in the middle of the lane.