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Smart Grid Technologies
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2017
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a type of EV that uses rechargeable battery packs to store electrical energy and an electric motor (DC or AC depending on the technology) for propulsion. Intrinsically it is a PEV since the battery packs are charged via the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), that is, by “plugging-in” the BEV. The North American standard for electrical connectors for EVs is the SAE J1772, which is being maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) [13]. The standard defines two charging levels AC level 1 (120 V, 16 A, single-phase) and AC level 2 (208–240 V, up to 80 A, single-phase). Furthermore, additional work is being conducted on standardizing level 3 (300–600 V, up to 400 A, DC). A variety of technologies are being used for manufacturing the battery pack, including lead acid, lithium ion, nickel metal hydride, etc. The technical requirements of the batteries are different than those of conventional vehicles and include higher ampere-hour capacity, power-to-weight ratio, energy-to-weight ratio, and energy density. Since BEVs do not have combustion motor, their operation fully depends on charging from the electric grid. Therefore, uncontrolled charging cycles of BEVs for large market penetration levels may cause significant impacts on power distribution systems. Commercial examples of this type of vehicle are the Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi MiEV, and the Tesla Roadster. The main criticism about BEVs is the reduced driving range (between 100 and 200 mi before recharging) when compared with conventional vehicles (>300 mi) [14].
Smart Energy Resources: Supply and Demand
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2018
Stuart Borlase, Sahand Behboodi, Thomas H. Bradley, Miguel Brandao, David Chassin, Johan Enslin, Christopher McCarthy, Stuart Borlase, Thomas Bradley, David P. Chassin, Johan Enslin, Gale Horst, Régis Hourdouillie, Salman Mohagheghi, Casey Quinn, Julio Romero Aguero, Aleksandar Vukojevic, Bartosz Wojszczyk, Eric Woychik, Alex Zheng, Daniel Zimmerle
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a type of EV that uses rechargeable battery packs to store electrical energy and an electric motor (DC or AC depending on the technology) for propulsion. Intrinsically it is a PEV since the battery packs are charged via the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), that is, by “plugging-in” the BEV. The North American standard for electrical connectors for EVs is the SAE J1772, which is being maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) [17]. The standard defines two charging levels AC Level 1 (120 V, 16 A, single-phase) and AC Level 2 (208–240 V, up to 80 A, single-phase). Furthermore, additional work is being conducted on standardizing Level 3 (300–600 V, up to 400 A, DC). The technical requirements of BEV batteries are different from those of other energy storage applications include demanding requirements on power/weight ratio, energy/weight ratio, cost, and energy density. At present, a variety of lithium-ion chemistries has demonstrated the ability to meet these requirements in the automotive application. No single lithium-ion chemistry has yet emerged as dominant in the BEV application. Since BEVs do not have combustion engines, their operation fully depends on charging from the electric grid. Therefore, uncontrolled charging cycles of BEVs under scenarios of high market penetration may cause increased loads on power distribution systems. For example, if BEVs are charged upon their return to “home,” their loads may be coincident with the afternoon/evening residential demand peak, leading to higher costs to generate, transmit, and distribute electricity to vehicles [18].
Autonomous Vehicles
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
Brake-by-wire technology has been widely commercialized with the introduction of battery electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles as the technology is particularly compatible with regenerative braking where part of the vehicle kinetic energy can be captured, converted and used to recharge the batteries instead of wasting it through friction in the brake pads.
Selecting sustainable electric bus powertrains using multipreference evolutionary algorithms
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 2018
João P. Ribau, Susana M. Vieira, Carla M. Silva
The battery electric vehicle, BEV, is a full electric vehicle which has a rechargeable battery providing its power and energy to the traction electric motor. The FC-HEV and the FC-PHEV are hybrid electric vehicles, which have battery but also a fuel cell to provide power to the traction electric motor.
Design of a Small-Scale Domestic Microgrid
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Ilhan Garip, Kadhum Al-Majdi, Shad Shuil, Alaa Salim Abdalrazzaq, Ahmed Read Al-Tameemi, Ali Al Mansor, Abdul Razzaq T. Zaboun, Ahmed A. Ali, Kadhim Abbas Jabbar
The proposed microgrid system enables the integration of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, allowing electric vehicle (EV) batteries to be recharged and utilized as power sources for the system. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are automobiles powered solely by electric motors, relying on rechargeable batteries for energy storage. They offer numerous advantages over traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, including zero tailpipe emissions, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter operation. BEVs are environmentally friendly and contribute to reducing air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. They typically have a longer driving range compared to plug-in hybrid vehicles and can be charged at home or at public charging stations. However, challenges remain, such as limited charging infrastructure and longer charging times compared to refueling with gasoline. Nevertheless, BEVs are rapidly gaining popularity and driving the transition to a more sustainable transportation system. Figure 5 illustrates the voltage and current characteristic curves for recharging batteries of some of the most commonly found EV models on the market [31]. The goal of the battery employed in the emulator is to replicate the behavior of real EV batteries while maintaining voltage and current levels within the designated emulator ranges. To achieve this, the battery model available in the MATLAB-Simulink package is simulated using PSIM software for a 12 V and 7 Ah battery, as shown in Figure 6. A comparison between the characteristics of the selected battery with the lowest capacity and voltage (Figure 5) and the battery to be emulated (Figure 6) reveals that the chosen lower capacity and lower voltage battery replicates the behavior of EV batteries, exhibiting nearly constant voltage and an exponential current drop during recharging, albeit in a much shorter timeframe. This characteristic is one of the key principles of the emulator. When the vehicle operates in the mode of supplying power to the microgrid, a boost converter (Figure 3) is employed to deliver power to the respective DC busbar [32]. The converter parameters are as follows: VIN = 13.5 - 11 V (input voltage), VO = 25 V (output voltage), PO = 23 − 15 W (output power), and FC = 20 kHz. Based on these parameters, the duty cycle (D) is calculated as 0.52, the load resistance (R) is 41.66 Ω, LMIN is 150 µH, C is 220 µF, the percentage ripple is 1%, IL_MAX is 16.6 A, and IL_MIN is 0.6 A. In the charging mode, to simulate the battery recharging demand, a charger was developed with the following specifications: maximum power of 44.5 W, voltage of 13.5 V, and maximum current of 3.3 A.