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Electric kick bike design for a recreational vehicle
Published in Ratri Wulandari, Idhar Resmadi, Vika Haristianti, Rahmiati Aulia, Riky Taufik Afif, Gema Ari Prahara, Aulia Ibrahim Yeru, Dynamics of Industrial Revolution 4.0: Digital Technology Transformation and Cultural Evolution, 2021
T.S. Pambudi, A.W. Heru, A. Deefinpramasya, V.R. Ramdhan
The electric motor is a tool to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Tools that function in reverse, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, are called generators or dynamos. Electric motors are in every household appliance such as fans, washing machines, water pumps, and vacuum cleaners.
Electric Machines
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
Electric motors can be DC type or AC type. The DC series motors were used in a number of prototype electric vehicles in the 1980s and prior to that due to its excellent match with the road load characteristics and ease of control. However, the size and maintenance requirements of DC motors are making their use obsolete not just in the automotive industry, but in all motor drive applications. The more recent electric and hybrid vehicles employ AC and brushless motors, which include induction motors, permanent magnet motors and switched reluctance motors. The AC induction motor technology is quite mature and significant research and development activities have taken place on induction motor drives over the past 50 years. The control of induction motors is much more complex than DC motors, but with the availability of fast digital processors, the computational complexity can be easily managed. Vector control techniques developed for sinusoidal machines make the control of AC motors similar to that of a DC motor through reference frame transformation techniques. The computational complexity arises from these reference frame transformations, but today’s digital processors are capable of completing complex algorithms in a relative short time.
Electric motorcycles
Published in Andrew Livesey, Motorcycle Engineering, 2021
To make this even more complex, electric motors are often rated on their electricity consumption, not their output. The efficiency of electric motors varies considerably in their construction. Typically, the efficiency of an electric motor may be 85%; that is, 85% of the electrical power actually does useful work. So, an 85% efficient electric motor rated at 250 watts will give: 250watts×85/100=212.5watts
A prioritisation model predictive control for multi-actuated vehicle stability with experimental verification
Published in Vehicle System Dynamics, 2023
Reza Hajiloo, Amir Khajepour, Alireza Kasaiezadeh, Shih-Ken Chen, Bakhtiar Litkouhi
This section presents the experimental evaluation of the controller with an electric all-wheel-drive Chevrolet Equinox vehicle, that has same specifications as those of the simulation vehicle listed in Table 1. Figure 6 shows the experimental setup and communication network for the tests. The simulink environment is used to implement the controller and optimisation solver, and it is compiled on dSpace Micro-Autobox. A CAN bus network is used for communication between the Micro-Autobox and the vehicle actuators and sensors. The vehicle IMU sensor provides the longitudinal acceleration, lateral acceleration, and yaw rate. The longitudinal and lateral velocities are measured using a 6-axis GPS (RT2500 inertial and GPS navigation systems by OxTS company) installed on the vehicle. The maximum torque that electric motors can generate is equal to 1800 N.m.
Operational data-driven energy performance assessment of ships: the case study of a naval vessel with hybrid propulsion
Published in Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology, 2023
N. I. Vasilikis, R. D. Geertsma, K. Visser
First, we examine the components of the power supply subsystem. Mean diesel generators' energy efficiency was between 32 and 35% when running on the electrical motors, compared to 34% on 2 MDEs transit mode. This is already 3% lower than the mean main diesel engine energy efficiency. We also need to consider that an electrical motor's nominal energy efficiency is usually equal to 94–97% (Sofras and Prousalidis 2014). The optimal power allocation of the diesel generators could bring significant energy efficiency gains, as running on three instead of two generators causes the efficiency to drop by 5–10%, as seen in Figure 19. This is also the case, though, when not running on the electrical motors, as the diesel generator efficiency can be improved by 10%, from 36% to 40%, by running one diesel generator instead of two diesel generators as soon as the risk of total electrical failure due to generator failure is acceptable.
A conceptual design of a solar powered UAV and assessment for continental climate flight conditions
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Irem Turk, Emre Ozbek, Selcuk Ekici, T. Hikmet Karakoc
Electric motors enable the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. This may be of two different types; both brushed and brushless. The electric motor to be used should be lightweight, of high efficiency, with high torque, having low heat dissipation, and running with a straight current. The brushless DC motor (BLDC), mostly-used in unmanned aerial vehicles, is preferred in this study (Praveen et al. 2011).