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Operational Planning of Electrical Power Systems and Smart Grids
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
Energy is needed for economic and social development, and per capita consumption of energy is a measure of physical quality of life. Per capita consumption of electrical energy is also a measure of physical quality of life and an indicator of economic development (Bala, 1998). However, the production of electrical energy using fossil fuels causes environmental pollution and global warming. Furthermore, electrical energy is essential for economic and social development, but is capital intensive. Hence, electrical power systems should be planned to operate optimally and efficiently within the constraints of the availability of energy sources with a minimum contribution to global warming.
DC Power
Published in Richard Cadena, Electricity for the Entertainment Electrician & Technician, 2021
Electricity is energy, and energy cannot be created, nor can it be destroyed; it can only change forms. Typically, a generating station converts chemical energy to heat energy by burning fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, or diesel, and then using it to boil water and create steam to spin a turbine, which converts heat energy to kinetic energy. The turbine is coupled with an alternator, which converts kinetic energy to electrical energy. In an electrical circuit, electrical energy can be changed to light, heat, sound, or motion. When that happens, “work” is being done. The rate at which electrical energy is being changed to some other form of energy is electrical power, which is measured in watts.
Introduction to Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Electrical energy is a form of energy arising from the existence of charged bodies. A body is said to be electrically charged if, on rubbing with another body, it acquires the ability to attract light objects, like pieces of paper, fur, etc. The charge produced on a glass rod rubbed with silk is called positive charge, whereas that created on an ebonite rod rubbed with flannel is known as negative charge. Unlike charges attract each other and like charges repel. Electric field is the region of space in which force is exerted by the charge. Electric field strength or intensity (E) at a point in an electric field is defined as the force per unit charge experienced by a small charge placed at that point. Electric current (I) is the flow of electric charge and its magnitude is given by the rate of flow of charge, that is, the amount of charge per unit time. Circuit is the closed path around which electric current flows. Electrical potential (V) at a point in an electric field is the work done in transferring a unit positive charge from infinity to that point, whereas potential difference between two points (ΔV) is the work done in transferring a unit positive charge from one point to the other.
An overview of blade materials and technologies for hydrokinetic turbine application
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Muhamad Hasfanizam Mat Yazik, Chang Wei Shyang, Mohammad Hafifi Hafiz Ishak, Farzad Ismail
The operating principle of hydrokinetic turbine is quite like the wind turbine. However, given the density difference of the two fluid mediums, which is about 800 times, a hydrokinetic turbine experiences a greater force than a wind turbine system which directly induces a greater torque. In principle, a hydrokinetic turbine system is able to extract 61% higher kinetic energy compared to a wind turbine of similar size if subjected to a similar power input (Akan, Selam, and Firat 2016; Sarma, Biswas, and Misra 2014). Energy from water flowing through a hydrokinetic hits the turbine blades will rotate the rotor and this is converted into a form of mechanical energy of rotating rotor which is then transferred to a generator via a shaft. The mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy via a gearbox unit that is coupled to the generator. Lastly, the electrical energy is stored in an energy storage system or distributed through an energy distribution system to power electrical loads.
Parameter extraction of solar photovoltaic module by using a novel hybrid marine predators – success history based adaptive differential evolution algorithm
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Jaya Naga Lakshmi Naraharisetti, Ramesh Devarapalli, Venkateswararao Bathina
The shortage of fossil resources and environmental pollution issues make the generation of electrical energy by using renewable energy sources become popular. Compared to all other available renewable energy sources, solar energy became more attractive, abundant, and clean. The electrical energy can be obtained from solar radiation by using solar PV cell (Arulmurugan and Thiyagarajan 2018; Chinthamalla et al. 2018). A group of PV cells forms the PV module. For small dc loads feed by an array of PV modules and for larger applications, the converter is needed for a PV system to generate maximum electric power or energy. Even though PV systems have several advantages, the popularity of these are limited by high initial cost and low efficiency of the solar cell. In order to design a suitable system for the given requirements of load, it is essential to know the performance of the PV system by the designer before installing. For this, system modeling is vital. In the process of PV system design, PV modeling plays an important role. Since the characteristics of the PV panel are nonlinear, and its performance largely depends on atmospheric conditions, an exact mathematical model of the physical system is required (Arulmurugan and Chandramouli 2019). If the model obtained can resemble the physical PV panel characteristics more accurately, the real-time atmospheric conditions are applied to the system model virtually which is used to find the system performance more accurately under different weather conditions. Hence, an exact model of the PV panel is required for the designer to estimate the performance of the PV system.
Wind energy potential, development and current trends in India: a review
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
The main source of income for the developing countries is energy generation and energy is the capacity of a physical system to do a particular work. There are many forms of energy like heat, kinetic, potential, electrical, etc. Electrical energy is one of the most useful and important forms of energy. Modern society is too dependent on electrical energy. All industries are dependent on electrical energy. Modern houses and offices need significant amounts of a constant supply of electrical energy. Electrical energy is mostly generated from our fossil fuels, namely coal, crude oil, etc. In India, we do not have a large amount of useful fossil fuels to satisfy the fossil fuel demand. Hence, a large amount of revenue is invested in the import of useful fossil fuels. Due to international politics, the prices of imported crude oil, natural gas and coal have increased rapidly (Nagamani et al. 2015). Fossil fuel-based power plants and the system generate environmental pollution. In energy technology IEA (International Energy Agency), ETP (Energy Technology perspective) estimates the greenhouse gas emission of the planet will increase much more than in 2040 without exhibiting the new technologies (International Energy Agency 2015). Only renewable energy can fulfil the future lack or deficiencies of energy because of the rising price of fossil fuels. Hence, there is a great need to discover alternative sources of energy, which provide required electrical energy at a reasonable cost and minimise environmental pollution. Uses of renewable, especially wind energy for the sustainable growth of the nation have a fantastic scope in the future, depending on the basic requirements.