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Photovoltaics
Published in Dorothy Gerring, Renewable Energy Systems for Building Designers, 2023
In today’s buildings, it is quite common to have lots of electronic equipment that runs on DC power. Anything that has a transformer to plug in is probably converting AC power to DC power. If you are including batteries in a building, it is worthwhile to provide a DC panel from the batteries and your PV array to directly run your DC equipment rather than invert it all and run it through the AC service panel. There are fewer losses, and therefore it is more efficient, to run DC equipment using DC power. For more discussion on this see the chapter 22 (Resiliency and Power).
Introduction—Electricity’s Attributes
Published in Clark W. Gellings, 2 Emissions with Electricity, 2020
Direct Current (DC)—While not actually part of the electromagnetic spectrum, direct current is a form of electricity which can stimulate electromagnetic waves. It is generated by chemical means in batteries by photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, and other generators. DC can also be derived from AC by use of rectifiers. DC is widely used in digital devices such as personal computers, desktop computers, fax machines, and portable electronics like mobile phones, personal data assistants (PDAs), and many other applications. DC is also used for high-voltage bulk power transmission. Many appliances and devices use DC somewhere internally in their circuitry.
DC Distribution & the Smart Grid
Published in Clark W. Gellings, The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response, 2020
Early power systems developed by Thomas Edison generated and delivered direct current (DC). However, DC power systems had many limitations, most notably that power typically could not be practically transmitted beyond a distance of about one mile.
A Novel Cascaded Multilevel Boost converter fed Multilevel inverter with reduced switch count
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
K. Jayasudha, S. Vijayalakshmi, M. Marimuthu
In general, many applications such as motor drives, EV drives, power factor corrections controllers, etc. require a medium, and high AC power. Hence multilevel inverter has been alternatively introduced for such applications. Conventional diode, capacitor clamped, and cascaded H-bridge Multi Level Inverters(MLI) have been used for such applications. But these inverters require more sources, diodes, and capacitors for attaining multilevel at the inverter load. These inverters produce a limited number of levels hence the inverter output has a high amount of harmonic and did not use directly for high power applications. Hence the alternate solution of multilevel converter fed multilevel inverter has been introduced [2,3]. The novel cascaded multilevel converter fed MLI could generate more levels with less no. of switches, and capacitors. Block diagram of the suggested circuit is given in Figure 1, it comprises of two DC sources, Multilevel boost converters, level converters, and H-bridge inverters. The sets which drive a common AC load, hence not only the increase in voltage gain improved but also the current. Hence this kind of topology can drive the high power AC load. The DC sources are either a battery or any renewable source like PV, or wind turbine or Fuel cell etc. The DC source may or may not be a same value. Hence, the circuit can function as symmetric/asymmetric. The design and modes of operation of the multilevel converter, level controller, and multilevel H-bridge inverter have been explained below.
Sliding mode controlled DC microgrid system with enhanced response
Published in Journal of Control and Decision, 2022
B. Balaji, S. Ganesan, P. Pugazhendiran, S. Subramanian
Currently, most microgrids use AC grid technology shown in Figure 1. Many renewable energy sources produce DC voltages, necessitating power converters to connect them to the AC grid. Wind turbines, for instance, need back-to-back power converters to synchronise with the AC grid. The new trend in EV growth has increased the effect of their connections to low voltage distribution networks. In industrial settings, variable speed AC drives are employed, requiring AC–DC and DC–AC conversion stages. DC electricity is used in home and business grid-connected devices including battery chargers, computers, and lighting systems. To connect to the AC grid, these gadgets need an AC–DC converter. Multiple conversion steps impair system efficiency and dependability. DC supply can be maintained, however, AC electricity doesn’t. Alternating current is changed into direct current in important to supply amount of electricity. Direct current is needed for electronic gadgets to operate. If these devices are directly linked to a DC grid, some of these conversion steps may be decreased or eliminated. Recent power electronics-based renewable power networks appear to be able to revive Edison's original power system idea.
ANFIS Based Smart Control of Electric Vehicles Integrated with Solar Powered Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2020
Sachpreet Kaur, Tarlochan Kaur, Rintu Khanna
A 100 kW 305 W Sun power SPR-305-WHT solar photovoltaic module has been modeled in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The specifications, i.e. open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), Vmpp and Impp have been selected as per the manufacturer’s data sheets and are illustrated in [33]. The PV module is integrated with the DC bus through a unidirectional DC-DC converter. The Primary ANFIS MPPT Controller controls the duty cycle of the DC-DC boost converter, to maximize power output from a PV panel. The EV charging station is installed in parallel to the PV arrangement and is integrated with the DC bus through a DC-DC bidirectional buck-boost converter. So far, various technologies of batteries such as lead-acid, lithium-ion, lithium polymer have been employed for EVs. Certain studies in literature witness battery wear and tear and aging as an important phenomenon in the battery. However, since the main focus of this paper is to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller, the ideal lithium-ion batteries with no losses have been considered [3]. As referred in literature, EV charging can be categorized as AC charging and DC charging. The direct integration of electric vehicles to DC bus through the DC/DC buck-boost converter enables DC charging in the present paper. The power levels of AC and DC charging have been decided by the International Energy Agency. In comparison to AC charging, DC charging has higher power levels and thus enables faster charging/discharging [34]. For EV user’s, faster charging will be helpful at public charging stations [34]. For the participation of EV’s in providing grid ancillary services both faster charging and slower charging should be considered. For frequency regulation, fast charging of EVs will be highly beneficial especially during off-peak hours, and fast discharging will be highly beneficial during peak hours [19].