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Connected Devices
Published in Saad Z. Asif, 5G Mobile Communications Concepts and Technologies, 2018
A rechargeable battery or storage battery is a battery that can be recharged and reused many times through reversible electrochemical reactions. Some common combinations of chemicals that are used in batteries include lead–acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li ion polymer). Figure 12.2 shows the recharging process of a battery.
Introduction to PV Systems
Published in Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, 2017
Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi
Disadvantages of Ni–Cd batteries include difficulty in determining the state of charge of the batteries and the toxicity of the cadmium, which creates an environmental concern during production and disposal. They are also more expensive than most other rechargeable battery technologies.
Batteries, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Energy
Published in Radian Belu, Energy Storage, Grid Integration, Energy Economics, and the Environment, 2019
The most common rechargeable battery technologies are lead-acid, sodium-sulfur, vanadium redox and lithium ion types. A battery comprises one or more electrochemical cells, with each cell comprising a liquid, paste or solid electrolyte, positive and negative electrodes. During discharge, electro chemical reactions at the two electrodes generate an electron flow through an external circuit. Vanadium redox batteries (VRBs) have good prospects because they can be scaled up to much larger storage capacities and are showing great potential for longer lifetimes and lower per-cycle costs than conventional batteries requiring refurbishment of electrodes. Lithium ion batteries are also displaying very high potential for large-scale energy storage. A battery consists of one or more electrochemical cells, connected in series, in parallel or series-parallel configuration in order to provide the desired voltage, current and power. The anode is the electronegative electrode from which electrons are generated to do external work. The cathode is the electropositive electrode to which positive ions migrate inside the cell and electrons migrate through the battery external electrical circuit. The electrolyte allows the flow of ions and electrons, from one electrode to another, being commonly a liquid solution containing a salt dissolved in a solvent, and must be stable in the presence of both electrodes. The current collectors allow the transport of electrons to and from the electrodes, typically made of metals and must not react with the electrode or electrolyte materials. The cell voltage is determined by the chemical reaction energy occurring inside the cell. The anode and cathode are, in practice, complex composites, containing, besides the active material, polymeric binders to hold together the powder structure and conductive diluents such as carbon black to give the whole structure electronic conductivity so that electrons can be transported to the active material. In addition, these components are combined to ensure sufficient porosity to allow the liquid electrolyte to penetrate the powder structure and permit the ions to reach the reacting sites. During the charging process, the electrochemical reactions are reversed via the application of an external voltage across the electrodes.
The potential of lithium in Quebec for the electric vehicle market: state of the art, opportunities and challenges
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2022
Sebastián Ibarra-Gutiérrez, Jocelyn Bouchard, Marcel Laflamme, Konstantinos Fytas
Rechargeable battery cells use a negative electrode material (anode) and a positive electrode material (cathode) to convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice-versa. The lithium-ion cell uses a lithium-based metal oxide as the cathode. Graphite is generally the anode material of choice because of accessibility, price and charge capacity [1]. The most common lithium metal oxides used in cathodes for EV batteries are lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides, LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA),lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides, LiNiCoMnO2 (NMC) andlithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4/C (LFP).