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Electrochemical Energy
Published in Prasanth Raghavan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 2021
P. P. Abhijith, N. S. Jishnu, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Akhila Das, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Jabeen Fatima M. J., Prasanth Raghavan
A secondary battery is a type of electric battery which may be charged, discharged right into a load, and recharged repeatedly, instead of a disposable or primary battery, which is furnished fully charged and discarded after use. It consists of one or more electrochemical cells. The term “accumulator” is used because it accumulates and stores electricity through a reversible electrochemical response. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many specific sizes and styles, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems designed to stabilize an electrical distribution community. Several different mixtures of electrode materials and electrolytes are used, such as lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metallic hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li+-ion), and lithium-ion polymer (Li+-ion polymer).
Electric and magnetic fields
Published in James R. Nagel, Cynthia M. Furse, Douglas A. Christensen, Carl H. Durney, Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics, 2018
James R. Nagel, Cynthia M. Furse, Douglas A. Christensen, Carl H. Durney
The shape of the wave as a function of time is called the waveform. The simplest type of electrical waveform is constant with time. This is called direct current or DC (also called static fields). A battery is a good example of a DC power source that can be connected to a load such as a lightbulb, as illustrated in Figure 1.22. The voltage on the battery (V volts) is defined with respect to positive and negative terminals, just as they are labeled on a battery. The current (I amps) is defined as flowing from the positive to the negative terminal through the resistor (R ohms). A lightbulb is a resistor that converts the current in its filament to light (and heat). Ohm’s law states that V = IR. The power that is dissipated in the resistor is given by P = V 2/R = I 2R (watts). One of the most important aspects of DC fields for bioelectromagnetic applications is that the electric and magnetic fields do not generate each other. They are therefore decoupled (as indicated earlier in Section 1.4), and each one can be analyzed separately. Also, a DC signal requires a conductive path in order to propagate, and the current seeks the path of least resistance. In our lightbulb example, the DC current follows the wire. If the wire is broken or disconnected (such as by a switch), the current no longer flows. Low-frequency waves (typically less than 10 MHz) are often approximated as being static and are called quasi-static. They are then treated much like DC fields.
Battery Technology for Automotive Applications
Published in Ali Emadi, Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives, 2017
Today, about 80% of the lead-acid battery industry is devoted to the production of so-called SLI batteries (Starting, Lighting, and Ignition). This abbreviation has become outdated, as new loads have been added to the electrical system. Many of these new loads are covered elsewhere in this book. In addition, new requirements for lower exhaust emissions and higher fuel economy are creating a market for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). These vehicles have two sources of energy for propulsion: an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The combination of these two systems presents a new set of requirements for automotive batteries. This chapter deals with the effect of the present and future of the automotive electrical system on battery design, weight, volume, and performance. We will consider three types of battery chemistry: lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium ion (Li ion). Each has advantages and disadvantages. Interfaces between the electrical system and the battery will also be covered.
PV-Fed Micro-Inverter with Battery Storage for Single Phase Grid Applications
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Padmavathi Pydikalva, Sudhakar Natarajan, Belqasem Aljafari, Karthik Balasubramanian, Sudhakar Babu Thanikanti
A battery also known as energy storage is a device that is related to the electrochemical family. A battery can store and able to produce electricity from chemical energy. Specifications of the lithium-ion battery model have existed in Simulink/MATLAB library and can be configured based on the load condition for this work as shown in Table 1. The designed battery model is integrated across the proposed converter to store the energy produced by the PV-fed system and it is also able to supply the stored power to the grid in case there is no solar energy. Lithium-ion batteries are the best choice among the batteries which are available in the market due to their benefits like fast charging, mini-maintenance, slower discharging, and high-energy density. Hence, a nominal voltage of 400 V and 108 Ah are the design configurations chosen to transfer reliable power to the grid and battery discharge characteristics are shown in Figure 6. The description of the battery is specified [45] and the state of charging (SOC) is 100%. The model of the battery designated in the above reference shows an analytical model with respective equations as charging and discharging models.
Reinforcement learning based adaptive power sharing of battery/supercapacitors hybrid storage in electric vehicles
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Amine Lahyani, Riadh Abdelhedi, Ahmed Chiheb Ammari, Ali Sari, Pascal Venet
Reducing cost and improving performance of battery storage systems help increase the commercial adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) coupling an EV battery with supercapacitors (SCs) is promising at improving the EV storage performances (Kouchachvili, Yaïci, and Entchev 2018). Despite their high energy densities, EV batteries suffer from low power densities and relatively limited lifetime. On the other hand, SCs have low energy densities, but they feature high power densities and long lifetime. The HESS merging the best attributes of battery and SCs increases the EV storage cost at great improved performance and extended battery lifetime (Qi et al. 2015). Actually, the key to extending the battery lifetime is to properly control the RMS battery charging and discharging current to limit high battery temperatures. This requires adopting the right Energy Management System (EMS) that ensures the best power sharing between battery and SCs. Many EMS approaches are proposed in the literature. All of the approaches designed to minimize the battery current stresses can be classified into rule-based and optimization-based EMS strategies.
A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Optimize Power Systems with Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Lakshmi Dhandapani, Sagar Bhilaji Shinde, Lalitkumar Wadhwa, Perumal Hariramakrishnan, Suragani Mohini Padmaja, Meena Devi Gurusamy, Malini Kalale Venkatarao, Shaik Razia
A battery is a device that chemically stores electrical energy. When renewable energy sources are not available to meet the load’s needs, the battery’s stored energy is utilized to do so. The following equation provides a rough estimate of battery capacity: where is the working voltage of the battery; is the load in is the temperature factor correction; is the number of dependence days; is the depth of release; and is an efficiency.