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Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism in Sodium Ion Batteries
Published in Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Lei Zhang, Advanced Materials for Sodium Ion Storage, 2019
Ranjusha Rajagopalan, Lei Zhang
Cell, Battery, and Packs: A cell is the smallest and basic electrochemical unit, which consists of key electrochemical components such as anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, etc. There are different forms of cells such as coin, prismatic, cylindrical, pouch, etc. Figure 2.1 demonstrates the different cell formats.12 A battery is the combination of two or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel manner in order to obtain the desired specifications. A battery pack is the encased unit which consists of a set of batteries or electrochemical cells assembled in series and/or parallel manner along with sensors, regulators, balancers, controllers (e.g., battery management systems [BMS] and thermal management systems [TMS]), etc., to provide the needed energy, power, and voltage.
Tools Required: their Care and Proper Use
Published in Les Goring, Manual of First and Second Fixing Carpentry, 2018
The same general safety precautions used on mains powered tools, including the protection of eyes and ears, should be adhered to, as well as the following:Carefully read all the instructions provided in the manufacturer’s literature before using the tool.Obtain thorough training in the safe use of the tool, either from the manufacturer’s representative or from a competent person who has received training himself from the manufacturer.Ensure that the tool is well maintained and regularly serviced, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.Wear heavy-duty rigger gloves and good-quality safety goggles (these are usually supplied by the tool manufacturer).When a battery pack reaches the end of its life cycle and needs replacing, it should be fully dis-charged and disposed of safely or recycled via your dealer. NEVER dispose of it in normal rubbish- disposal bins or on domestic waste-disposal sites.
Smart Grid Technologies
Published in Stuart Borlase, Smart Grids, 2017
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a type of EV that uses rechargeable battery packs to store electrical energy and an electric motor (DC or AC depending on the technology) for propulsion. Intrinsically it is a PEV since the battery packs are charged via the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), that is, by “plugging-in” the BEV. The North American standard for electrical connectors for EVs is the SAE J1772, which is being maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) [13]. The standard defines two charging levels AC level 1 (120 V, 16 A, single-phase) and AC level 2 (208–240 V, up to 80 A, single-phase). Furthermore, additional work is being conducted on standardizing level 3 (300–600 V, up to 400 A, DC). A variety of technologies are being used for manufacturing the battery pack, including lead acid, lithium ion, nickel metal hydride, etc. The technical requirements of the batteries are different than those of conventional vehicles and include higher ampere-hour capacity, power-to-weight ratio, energy-to-weight ratio, and energy density. Since BEVs do not have combustion motor, their operation fully depends on charging from the electric grid. Therefore, uncontrolled charging cycles of BEVs for large market penetration levels may cause significant impacts on power distribution systems. Commercial examples of this type of vehicle are the Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi MiEV, and the Tesla Roadster. The main criticism about BEVs is the reduced driving range (between 100 and 200 mi before recharging) when compared with conventional vehicles (>300 mi) [14].
Simulation and Experimental Investigation of a Smart MPPT based Solar Charge Controller
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Sarita Samal, Prasanta Kumar Barik, Roshan Kumar Soni, Sarthak Nayak
The rate at which electric flow is added to or extracted from electric batteries is controlled by a charge regulator, charge controller, or battery controller. It prevents cheating and may prevent over-voltage, which might reduce battery performance or life expectancy and pose a risk. Depending on the battery technology, the charge controller may prevent the battery from deep releasing or perform controlled discharges to preserve battery life. The phrases charge regulator and charge controller can refer to either a standalone device or hardware that is coordinated within a battery pack, battery-powered device, or battery charger. Charging a battery without an SCC can cause various problems to the battery connected in the system which can include problems such overcharging of batteries, unregulated current and voltage entering the battery, discharging of batteries through solar cell during night time, battery getting overheated while charging, battery going into deep discharge state, no protection to the battery, reduction in battery life due to gassing reactions in battery to name a few.
Optimization and analysis of maximum temperature in a battery pack affected by low to high Prandtl number coolants using response surface methodology and particle swarm optimization algorithm
Published in Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, 2020
Asif Afzal, Imran Mokashi, Sher Afghan Khan, Nur Azam Abdullah, Muhammad Hanafi Bin Azami
The influence of oils having various Pr range on the battery pack temperature along its axial direction is depicted in Figure 9, and the parameters like Re, Cr and Qgen are kept at their base value. It is observed from Figure 6 that with increase in the Pr the temperature within the battery pack decreases and is well within the safe limit for all the values of selected Pr along the axial distance of battery pack. Since oils are high dense and viscous fluids due to which their momentum diffusivity increases with increase in the range of Pr. This increase in the momentum diffusivity of oils tends to increase the velocity of the fluid at molecular level which subsequently increases the convective heat transfer coefficient resulting in the drop of temperature of the battery pack. It can also be said from Figure 8 that the temperature of battery pack is increasing along the axial distance irrespective of Pr which once again implies that the ability of oils to take away the heat from the battery pack become weak. When oils are used as a coolant in the battery management system, the low range of Re is sufficient to maintain the safer limit of temperature within the battery pack. But the main problem associated with oils is their high viscosity and density range which will once again results in the overall cost increase of the battery system.
An industry 4.0 approach to electric vehicles
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2023
Lydia Athanasopoulou, Harry Bikas, Alexios Papacharalampopoulos, Panos Stavropoulos, George Chryssolouris
From a product development perspective, modularization correlates with a radical change in the automotive industry. The modular battery pack design and distribution, under the concept of battery swapping stations, could lead to improved network capabilities and to manufacturing mobility. Modularity could be considered as a new milestone in the automotive industry, targeting at the optimization of global production networks and operational flexibility. Latest achievements in the field of complex assembly decision-making and the use of advanced technologies in design under the concept of I4.0, have rendered the necessary feasibility and adaptability possible, towards the implementation of modular concepts in the industrial sector (Remco, Halman, and Hofman 2016).