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Application of Drones with Variable Area Nozzles for Effective Smart Farming Activities
Published in Saravanan Krishnan, J Bruce Ralphin Rose, N R Rajalakshmi, Narayanan Prasanth, Cloud IoT Systems for Smart Agricultural Engineering, 2022
J. Bruce Ralphin Rose, V. Saravana Kumar, V.T. Gopinathan
The radio control system in the drones is made up of two elements, namely the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter reads the control stick inputs given by the operator or pilot and transmits the commands through a set radio frequency to the radio receiver, which is remotely controlled and fixed inside the drone. Once the receiver obtains the information, it will be passed to the drone's flight controller unit, which controls the stability and performance characteristics of the drone. Generally, a radio control system will have four separate channels for each direction on the sticks along with a few extra ones for any auxiliary switches. Transmitters are of different variants like 6 channel (6CH), 4 channel (4 CH), etc. (Figure 11.5(f)).
History
Published in Douglas M. Marshall, R. Kurt Barnhart, Eric Shappee, Michael Most, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2016
Charles Jarnot, Benjamin Trapnell
The U.S. Navy and Army Air Forces then turned to outfitting older four-engine bombers into unmanned aircraft to be deployed in the European Theater to destroy highly defended, high-priority targets such as V-1 Buzz Bomb bunkers in Siracourt and the heavily fortified U-boat pens in Heligoland. Operation Aphrodite, as it was called, consisted of stripping out Navy PB4Y-2 Privateers (the Navy version of the Consolidated B-24) and B-17s and packing them with high explosives. They were equipped with a Sperry-designed, three-axis autopilot for stabilization, radio control links for remote control, and RCA television cameras in the cockpit. The concept of the operation was for pilots in the aircraft to control it during takeoff. Once established in remote-controlled cruising flights, these pilots would arm the explosives and parachute from the “flying bomb” over friendly England while the aircraft, controlled by an operator in a nearby manned bomber, would be guided to its target. Operations commenced in August 1944, with rather dubious results. On the first mission, the aircraft spun out of control after the pilot left the plane. Subsequent flights ended similarly with loss of control of the aircraft or lack of suitable visibility to fly the aircraft accurately to the target. On August 12, 1944, an aircraft with two pilots at the controls detonated prematurely, killing Navy Lieutenants Wilford J. Wiley and Joseph P. Kennedy. The latter was President John F. Kennedy’s older brother and son of the former U.S. Ambassador to England, Joseph Kennedy. Continued failures with equipment and/or operational weather-related incidents, combined with the rapid advancement of Allied forces in Europe, forced the cancellation of the program. In retrospect, one might consider this the first use of unmanned aircraft as an offensive weapon.
History
Published in R. Kurt Barnhart, Douglas M. Marshall, Eric J. Shappee, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2021
Douglas M. Marshall, Benjamin Trapnell
The U.S. Navy and Army Air Forces then turned to outfitting older four-engine bombers into unmanned aircraft to be deployed in the European Theater to destroy highly defended, high-priority targets such as V-1 Buzz Bomb bunkers in Siracourt and the heavily fortified U-boat pens in Heligoland. Operation Aphrodite, as it was called, consisted of stripping out Navy PB4Y-2 Privateers (the Navy version of the Consolidated B-24) and B-17s and packing them with high explosives. They were equipped with a Sperry-designed, three-axis autopilot for stabilization, radio control links for remote control, and RCA TV cameras in the cockpit. The concept of the operation was for pilots in the aircraft to control it during takeoff. Once established in remote-controlled cruising flights, these pilots would arm the explosives and parachute from the “flying bomb” over friendly England, while the aircraft, controlled by an operator in a nearby manned bomber, would be guided to its target. Operations commenced in August 1944, with rather dubious results. On the first mission, the aircraft spun out of control after the pilots left the plane. Subsequent flights ended similarly with loss of control of the aircraft or lack of suitable visibility to fly the aircraft accurately to the target. On August 12, 1944, a BQ-8 “robot” (converted B-24 Liberator) aircraft with two pilots at the controls detonated prematurely, killing Navy Lieutenants Wilford J. Wiley and Joseph P. Kennedy. The latter was President John F. Kennedy’s older brother and son of the former U.S. Ambassador to England, Joseph Kennedy. Continued failures with equipment and/or operational weather-related incidents, combined with the rapid advancement of Allied forces in Europe, forced the cancellation of the program. In retrospect, this could be considered the first use of unmanned aircraft as an offensive weapon.
Quantitative and qualitative workload assessment in steep terrain forest operations: fostering a safer work environment through yarder automation
Published in Ergonomics, 2023
Giovanna Ottaviani Aalmo, Raffaele Spinelli, Natascia Magagnotti, Rien Visser
Like all modern yarders, the machine was equipped with a dedicated electronic radio-control system capable of automatic path programming. The system included two receivers installed on the yarder and two transmitters assigned to the main workstations: one transmitter was with the breaker-out at the loading station, and the other with the winch operator at the unloading station (Figure 3(a)), whereby the receivers were on the carriage (for long distance transmission) and on the Human Machine Interface (HMI) display installed on the winch and designed for adjusting all work settings. The system allowed for programming carriage stops at predefined points along the line, as well as for setting carriage speed and speed ramps on any given skyline segment. All the settings could be monitored on the HMI (Figure 3(b)).
Sensor integration for real-time data acquisition in aerial surveillance
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
Wahyu Rahmaniar, Ardhi Wicaksono Santoso
One of the UAV platforms is quadrotor robot that has become a standard for UAV research (Lim et al. 2012). The quadrotor has moderate payload capacity and flight endurance to support a number of indoor and outdoor applications. The four rotors that mounted on the cross airframes produce six degrees of freedom (DoF) movement based on the rotor rotation speed changes. The six DoF movements include three translational movements along three coordinate axes and three rotational motions around three rotation axes (Jabeur and Seddik 2022). One of the challenges of developing a UAV is to provide accurate estimates of aircraft attitude for control purposes (Xu, Watanabe, and Nagai 2021). Thus, flight data recording is important for further control analysis for UAVs. The UAVs with relatively simple structure and easy maintenance of quadrotors have increased interest from academia, the UAV industry and radio-control (RC) hobbyists (Rahmaniar and Rakhmania 2021). Many research groups or institutions have created their own quadrotors to fulfil certain purposes, such as the X4-flyer (Guenard, Hamel, and Mahony 2008), OS4 (Bouaabdallah and Siegwart 2006), STARMAC (Hoffmann et al. 2004) and Pixhawk (Meier et al. 2011). Furthermore, a number of open-source projects have emerged to support the development of quadrotor research with various Arduino platforms.
QAM and PSK modulation performance analysis over narrow band HF channel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
In another work done by the Department of Defense Interface Standard, bandwidth have been used from 3 to 24 kHz, RF carrier using a single tone PSK/QAM modulation which reached a rate of up to 120 Kb/s using 24 kHz. In another work for the same department the following standards were defined: STANAG 5066 – Profile for HF Radio Data Communications.STANAG 4539 – HF Waveforms (PSK, QPSK, QAM).STANAG 4538 – Automated Radio Control System (ARCS).STANAG 4444 HF EPM Waveform (FH-PSK/FH-QPSK).STANAG 4415 – Robust HF Waveform @ 75 bpsSTANAG 4203 – HF Radio Standards (~3 kHz, ~1.4 kHz).