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Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and Synaptic Plasticity: A Revisit
Published in Tian-Le Xu, Long-Jun Wu, Nonclassical Ion Channels in the Nervous System, 2021
Ming-Gang Liu, Michael X. Zhu, Tian-Le Xu
The insular cortex is an integrating forebrain structure involved in several sensory and cognitive functions, such as interoception79, taste memory80, and pain perception81. Notably, multiple forms of synaptic plasticity have been identified in insular slices of adult mice, including a long-lasting protein synthesis-dependent later-phase LTP, LFS-induced electrical LTD, and DHPG-evoked chemical LTD64,66. Of particular relevance, our recent work illustrated the function of ASIC1a in the two forms of insular LTD, without any contribution to the induction of LTP (Table 2.1). Moreover, ASIC1a-mediated LTD was shown to be important for the extinction of acquired taste aversion memory (Figure 2.3). Further experiments suggest that ASIC1a acts through activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling via an ion conductance-dependent mechanism82.
Lifestyle and Its Relationship to Pain
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Mindfulness meditation has also been studied for its effects on pain relief. This technique has long been utilized as part of integrative medicine pain treatment. A study in 2015 shows mindfulness meditation-related pain relief was associated with stimulation of the orbitofrontal, subgenual anterior cingulate, and anterior insular cortex of the brain.41 The insular cortex is the focus of interoception, and greatly affects how a person “feels” and thinks about their pain.
Stress and Addiction
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
Recent evidence from human brain imaging research shows that recent life stressors, trauma and chronic stress are associated with lower gray matter volume in medial prefrontal, hippocampus and insula regions of the brain. These are key regions contributing to each of the components of the stress response described above. Similarly, exposure to recent life stress and acute stress may decrease responses in the prefrontal regions such as the DLPFC and VmPFC associated with working memory, reward processing and resilient coping. Thus, with increasing levels of stress, there is a decrease in prefrontal functioning and increased limbic-striatal level responding, a brain pattern associated with low behavioral and cognitive control. Low behavioral and cognitive control linked to the prefrontal and insular cortex and high responding in limbic-emotional and striatal-motivation brain regions under stress provides one specific pattern for promoting addictive behavioral patterns where there is a decreased ability to control rewarding behaviors. Thus, motivational brain pathways are key targets of stress chemicals, which points to an important potential mechanism by which stress affects addiction vulnerability.
Drug discovery and development for fibromyalgia using practical biomarkers throughout the process from relevant animal models to patients
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Yukinori Nagakura, Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh, Hiroshi Takeda
Studies using brain imaging technologies have demonstrated that alterations in functional brain networks are involved in the pathophysiology of FM [22]. Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) is a neuroimaging technology that investigates the strength of functional connectivity between various brain regions [23]. A study using this technology showed that patients with FM have a greater connectivity between the default mode network (i.e. a network of interacting brain regions that is active during rest) and insular cortex (a region associated with pain processing) compared to healthy subjects [24]. Another study showed that the connectivity between the insular cortex and cingulate cortex (a region involved in pain perception) was more strengthened in patients with FM compared to control subjects [25]. It is possible that such altered functional connectivities between the brain regions known to participate in pain perception/modulation (e.g. insular cortex) are related to the chronic pain symptoms in patients with FM [25].
The effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and electrophysiological evaluation
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Nese Gungor Yavasoglu, S. Selcuk Comoglu
In our study, OH improved in 6 (36%) of 22 patients after DBS. OH is the most common symptom of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. OH develops as a result of dysfunction of sympathetic noradrenergic innervation of the cardiovascular system [20]. It shows that DBS applied to STN improves sympathetic and cardiovascular reactivity [21]. The effect of DBS for orthostatic regulation is not fully understood. The effect of DBS for orthostatic regulation is not fully understood. Previous studies have suggested that DBS mirrors the effect of a destructive lesion of basal ganglia structures and therefore seems to inhibit the output of dysfunctional targets. Decreasing basal ganglia output may therefore increase heart rate and arterial blood pressure [22]. In addition, high-frequency STN DBS stimulation has been shown to increase the movement related regional cerebral blood flow in the supplementary motor area, the anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The anterior cinqulate cortex and the insular cortex are primary centers of autonomic control [23]. In conclusion, the positive effect of DBS on orthostatic regulation might result from connection between the basal ganglia and center of autonomic control.
Brain activity and connectivity changes in response to nutritive natural sugars, non-nutritive natural sugar replacements and artificial sweeteners
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Anna M. Van Opstal, Anne Hafkemeijer, Annette A. van den Berg-Huysmans, Marco Hoeksma, Theo. P. J. Mulder, Hanno Pijl, Serge A. R. B. Rombouts, Jeroen van der Grond
Functional network analysis was performed on the same ICA-AROMA preprocessed data using the Beckmann resting state functional networks templates for the default mode and executive control network [38]. The Beckmann auditory network was used as a template for the salience network as this standard template encompasses largely the same brain areas [42]. Brain areas regarded to compose the default mode network according to these templates are; the posterior parietal cortex at the occipito-parietal junction, the pre-cuneus and posterior cingulate cortex, and the frontal pole. Brain areas regarded to compose the executive control network; superior and middle prefrontal cortices, anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and thalamus. Brain areas regarded to compose the salience network; the lateral superior temporal gyrus and posterior insular cortex, and in the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior supramarginal gyrus and thalamus. Functional connectivity of each network of interest was calculated using the dual regression approach of FSL [46]. This resulted in 3D images for each individual, with voxel-wise Z-scores representing the functional connectivity to each network. The average Z-scores per network were calculated for the pre- and post- ingestion time point. Differences in Z-scores between pre- and post-ingestion were analyzed using paired samples t-tests per functional connectivity network, and uncorrected p-value of p < 0.05 was deemed significant.